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| | soil erosion |
 | | The removal of forests (deforestation) or other vegetation often leads to serious soil erosion, because plant roots bind soil, and without them the soil is free to wash or blow away, as in the American dust bowl. | | | Improved agricultural practices such as contour ploughing are needed to combat soil erosion. | | | Windbreaks, such as hedges or strips planted with coarse grass, are valuable, and organic farming can reduce soil erosion by as much as 75%. |
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http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0024281.html
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| | Soil erosion: An agricultural production challenge |
| | Soil erosion is a gradual process that occurs when the impact of water or wind detaches and removes soil particles, causing the soil to deteriorate. | | | Soil erosion is the detachment and movement of soil particles from the point of origination through the action of water or wind. | | | Equally important in minimizing soil erosion is the adoption of a cropping system along with conservation tillage practices such as no-till, strip-till, and ridge-till. |
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http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2000/7-24-2000/erosion.html
(885 words)
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| | Geoindicators: Soil and sediment erosion |
| | Soil erosion also reduces the levels of the basic plant nutrients needed for crops, trees and other plants, and decreases the diversity and abundance of soil organisms. | | | Soil erosion both affects and is affected by vegetation and crop cover. | | | Erosion, both fluvial and eolian (wind) is generally greatest in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil is poorly developed and vegetation provides relatively little protection. |
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http://www.gcrio.org/geo/soil.html
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| | Soil Erosion |
| | Soil erosion is the detachment and movement of soil particles by the erosive forces of wind or water. | | | Soil erosion in agricultural systems is a very important problem to manage. | | | In many parts of the world much of the wind erosion occurs in winter when the ground is frozen, but the upper most soil layer is dry and loose. |
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http://www.walkerschools.org/eco/soil3.html
(865 words)
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| | SOIL EROSION |
| | Soil erosion is the wearing away and removal of the land surface by __ or irrigation water, wind, ice, or other natural or human agent at rates exceeding geologic erosion. | | | Gully erosion is often defined for agricultural land in terms of channels too deep to easily remedied with ordinary farm tillage equipment. | | | Erosion of soil sediments by water and wind results from two physical processes: detachment and. |
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http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/Franc1m/esc334/lectures/erosion.htm
(1027 words)
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| | Chesapeake Bay Foundation - Save the Bay: Soil Erosion: Simple Ways to Save the Chesapeake Bay |
| | The texture of the soil and its potential for absorbing water, the steepness of the slope, and the adequacy of protective cover on the soil are all factors that influence the extent of erosion. | | | Erosion is when rain and moving surface water dislodge and carry soil particles, organic matter, and plant nutrients. | | | Use erosion control matting or straw mulch to protect soil from erosion until vegetation is established. |
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http://www.cbf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=action_simple_ways_soil
(469 words)
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| | Soil Erosion State of the Land NRCS |
| | Occurrence of Soils with T-factor of 1 (2334) | | | Occurrence of Soils with T-factor of 4 (2331) | | | Occurrence of Soils with T-factor of 2 (2333) |
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http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/erosion.html
(379 words)
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| | An Introduction to Soil Erosion |
| | Soil erosion is a gradual process that occurs when the actions of water, wind, and other factors eat away and wear down the land, causing the soil to deteriorate or disappear completely. | | | The key to minimizing soil erosion and saving the farm lands is the farmer himself. | | | Soil deterioration and low quality of water due to erosion and run off has often become a severe problem around the world. |
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http://agen521.www.ecn.purdue.edu/AGEN521/epadir/erosion/introduction.html
(139 words)
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| | Effects of wind erosion |
| | Wind erosion control is carried out on two fronts: reducing wind-speed at ground level, and increasing soil cohesion, thus improving soil resistance to wind. | | | Stubble and crop residues in the soil cut wind-speed at ground level. | | | Both forms of erosion selectively carry off fine particles from the soil surface, and both are eliminated by mulching the soil or by providing an adequate plant cover. |
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/T1765E/t1765e0t.htm
(2149 words)
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| | Working in The Woods: Why Is My Forest the Way It Is:Soil Erosion |
| | SOIL EROSION: The detachment and movement of soil or rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity. | | | The amount of erosion that occurs is a response to the balance between gravity, which tends to move soil down slope, and the resistance of soils, rock and, vegetation, which tends to hold the materials in place. | | | Soil building is a long-term process, and effects of having soil lost or displaced through management activities can be so devastating that you must consider the impact of all activities on the soil. |
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http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/departments/espm/extension/EROSION.HTM
(2117 words)
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| | SOIL |
| | Soils vary with topography primarily because of the influence of moisture and erosion. | | | Erosion can remove all or part of the topsoil and subsoil, leaving weakly developed soil. | | | Living animals such as moles, earthworms, bacteria, fungi and nematodes are all busy moving through or digesting food found in the soil. |
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http://www.cjnetworks.com/~sccdistrict/soilpro.htm
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| | soil erosion |
| | Without soil you won't have crops....without crops you won't have a farm. | | | Erosion results in the loss of valuable soil and its nutrients that are necessary for crops to grow. | | | Erosion is a process that removes soil layers and carries them away from farmer's fields to bodies of water or other land. |
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http://www2.kenyon.edu/Projects/Farmschool/types/soil.htm
(336 words)
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| | Soil Erosion Ordinance |
| | The purpose of this Ordinance is to prevent soil erosion and sedimentation from occurring as a result of non-agricultural development within the Township by requiring proper provisions for water disposal and the protection of soil surfaces during and after construction, in order to promote the safety, public health, convenience, and general welfare of the community. | | | The Township Board of Trustees hereby finds that excessive quantities of soil are eroding from certain areas that are undergoing development for non-agricultural uses such as housing and commercial developments, industrial areas, recreational facilities, and roads. | | | Temporary soil erosion control facilities shall be removed and earth change areas graded and stabilized with permanent soil erosion control measures pursuant to approved standards and specifications as prescribed by the Michigan Water Resources Commission rules |
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http://www.commercetwp.com/Building/BD_MSW_Soil_Erosion_Ordinance.htm
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| | Corn and the Environment- Corn, Soil Structure and Erosion |
| | The control of soil erosion and the use of soil tests which ensure that excessive phosphate fertilizer is not applied are means of reducing water contamination by phosphates. | | | Good soil structure is important in allowing crop plants to yield well, and in helping resist erosion caused by the action of rainfall, melting snow in early spring, and wind. | | | High levels of soil erosion can also result in the loss of nutrients attached to soil particles. |
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http://www.ontariocorn.org/envt/enverosion.htm
(376 words)
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| | Residue Management for Soil Erosion Control, G81-544-A |
| | Soil particles and aggregates that have been detached by raindrops are transported down the slope by runoff. | | | Soil particle size distribution, organic matter content, and the slope of the land all influence how susceptible different fields are to the forces of erosion. | | | Livestock may also cause soil compaction but this can be minimized by limiting grazing to periods when the ground is dry or frozen. |
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http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/fieldcrops/g544.htm
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| | Have Conservation Compliance Incentives Reduced Soil Erosion? |
| | Between 1982 and 1997, excess erosion dropped sharply on these farms, and the reduction in erosion appears to have been larger on farms receiving payments than on farms not receiving payments, particularly on farms with wind-erodible soils. | | | The soil loss tolerance, or T value, is an estimate of the rate of soil erosion that can occur on a given soil without significant long-term productivity loss. | | | This amount is roughly 89 percent of the 331 million tons of excess erosion reduction on HEL cropped in 1982 and 1997 and 25 percent of all erosion reduction. |
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http://www.ers.usda.gov/Amberwaves/June04/Features/HaveConservation.htm
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| | Soil Erosion |
| | On commercial farm lands, overstocking, mono-cropping, and the ploughing of marginal lands unsuitable for cultivation has led to soil erosion and desertification. | | | * making sure that there are always plants growing on the soil, and that the soil is rich in humus (decaying plant and animal remains). | | | Once this nutrient-rich layer of soil is gone, few plants will grow in the soil again. |
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http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/Envfacts/facts/erosion.htm
(773 words)
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| | People Cause More Soil Erosion Than All Natural Processes |
| | Soil and rock particles derived from the glacial, riverine, and agricultural erosion of east-central North America enter the Gulf of Mexico as muddy water along the delta of the Mississippi River. | | | Soil Erosion Winding Down, Not Revving Up (August 23, 1999) -- Fertile topsoil is probably not eroding from farmlands at the alarming rate that it's widely believed to be, suggests a study in the 20 August issue of Science. | | | In those parts of the United States where soil is being eroded by human agricultural activity, however, the rate averages around 1,500 feet per million years, and rates are even higher in other parts of the world. |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/11/041103234736.htm
(563 words)
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| | Soil Erosion Control after Wildfire |
| | Percolation of water into the soil profile is reduced, making it difficult for seeds to germinate and for the roots of surviving plants to obtain moisture. | | | Determining the type of drainage practice to use depends on the soil, type of road use, slope, speed of vehicles, season of use, and amount of use. | | | The logs should be bedded into the soil for the entire log length and backfilled with soil so water cannot run underneath; backfill should be tamped down. |
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http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/NATRES/06308.html
(1877 words)
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| | Soil Erosion Site |
| | Soil erosion by water, wind and tillage affects both agriculture and the natural environment. | | | To a large extent this is because soil erosion does not fit neatly under any one heading: it is studied by geomorphologists, agricultural engineers, soil scientists, hydrologists and others; and is of interest to policy-makers, farmers, environmentalists and many other individuals and groups. | | | However, the Soil Erosion Site makes use of frames and JavaScript. |
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http://soilerosion.net
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| | Soil Erosion |
| | Much of the chemical weathering that takes place in soils is the result of the activities of soil micro-organisms, if this biological activity is reduced as a consequence of reduced organic matter levels, then the soils ability to provide nutrients for growing crops will be reduced. | | | The biological activity of the soil, which depends on the availability of nutrients and energy supplied by the soil organic matter and crop and livestock residues has declined correspondingly. | | | Care is needed to maintain soils in fertile condition and to prevent or minimise economic and environmental impacts of erosion. |
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http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/erosion.htm
(1228 words)
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| | New Scientist 24 February 1990 |
| | The two major phases of soil erosion were preceded by a minor event about 3500 years ago, in the early days of maize cultivation. | | | The erosion of tropical soils on hill-sides where trees have been cut down is a common sight today. | | | The local fisheries are also threatened because the lake is becoming eutrophic--enriched with nutrients from the soil washed into the lake. |
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http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-272/002-272a.html
(545 words)
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| | Preventing soil erosion after spring rains |
| | This soil splashing may seal off the soil's surface, reducing infiltration and allowing rainwater to collect and move down slopes, carrying dislodged soil particles with it. | | | The amount of soil lost through detachment depends on length and steepness of slope, crop rotation, and other conservation factors such as contouring and residue cover. | | | Some areas of Iowa have experienced hard, late-spring rains that have contributed to various types of soil erosion, especially fields with minimum residue coverage, where sheet and rill erosions were observed. |
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http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/5-21-2001/preventeros.html
(729 words)
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| | New Page 2 |
| | Helped by weak soil structure - often caused by over reliance on fertilisers in intensive agriculture, and bare soil when fields are left fallow, or by setaside. | | | Keep the soil moist so that surface tension films (adhesion) keep the particles together - ploughing just before high winds can help as this brings wetter soil to the surface but can't be used very often as it depletes soil moisture, and can't be done if fields have been drilled. | | | In some parts of the world, the soil is never turned over as the water that would be lost by evaporation as a result is necessary for plants to grow in these areas. |
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http://www.geographypages.co.uk/serosion.htm
(1149 words)
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| | 01/10/01 -- Soil erosion threatens farm lands of sub-Saharan Africa |
| | Swelling populations, poor land management, vulnerable soils and hostile climates are all preconditions that exacerbate soil erosion. | | | Krian Simanwva, a Soil Conservation Officer, in the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries (MAFF) in Zambia says, perhaps the whole face of degraded areas like Lusitu in Zambia's dry Southern Province, might be changed for the better by planting narrow strips of this grass. | | | Some of this loss is alleviated by converting forests into farms, so that soil erosion indirectly also leads to deforestation. |
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http://forests.org/archive/africa/soerthre.htm
(1368 words)
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| | WERU: Wind Erosion Simulation Models |
| | Step changes in the soil and biomass conditions generated from typical management practices such as tillage, planting, harvesting, and irrigation are modeled within the MANAGEMENT submodel of WEPS. | | | Wind erosion is a serious problem on agricultural lands throughout the United States as well as the world. | | | WEQ is currently the most widely used method for assessing average annual soil loss by wind from agricultural fields. |
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http://www.weru.ksu.edu/weps.html
(834 words)
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| | SOIL RESOURCES - AG |
| | SOIL RESOURCES - AG Protecting the soil from eroding is the major concern in managing soil resources. | | | Maintaining soil quality; its' tilth, fertility, organic matter, etc.... | | | Cropland has the greatest risk to loose excessive amounts of soil. |
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http://www.cjnetworks.com/~sccdistrict/shw_agso
(56 words)
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| | Peace Corps World Wise Schools Lesson Plans Teacher Guides Lesotho |
| | Humans contribute to soil erosion by overusing the land in a variety of ways. | | | Deep erosion gulleys called dongas cut through these more fertile lands, preventing some areas from being farmed. | | | In Lesotho, soil is carried away both by wind and water. |
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http://www.peacecorps.gov/wws/guides/lesotho/lescrisis.html
(850 words)
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| | Why Worry? |
| | The loss of soil from a construction site results in loss of topsoil, minerals and nutrients, and it causes ugly cuts and gullies in the landscape. | | | This soil carries with it pollutants such as oil and grease, chemicals, fertilizers, animal wastes and bacteria, which threaten our water quality. | | | When we remove vegetation or other objects that hold soil in place, we expose it to the action of wind and water and increase its chances of eroding. |
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http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/enviro/erosion/ecare.html
(230 words)
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| | Soil Erosion Article from Science Magazine Vol. 267 |
| | Soil erosion is a major environmental threat to the sustainability and productive capacity of agriculture. | | | With the addition of a quarter of a million people each day, the world population's food demand is increasing at a time when per capita food productivity is beginning to decline. | | | This translates into an on-site economic loss of more than $27 billion each year, of which $20 billion is for replacement of nutrients (50) and $7 billion for lost water and soil depth (Table 2). |
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http://www.pmac.net/science2.htm
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| | NSRI - Soil Erosion in Bedfordshire |
| | The wet weather has compounded with late planting of winter crops to leave many of the soils in the area vulnerable to soil erosion. | | | Severe Gully erosion (a), close to Flitwick woods (14/12/00). | | | (e) shows the farmers attempts to control the gully by filling it with straw and (f) shows extensive rill erosion on nearby hillsides. |
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http://www.silsoe.cranfield.ac.uk/nsri/research/erosion/erosion_in_beds.htm
(266 words)
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| | GCTE Focus 3 Soil Erosion Network |
| | The GCTE Soil Erosion Network is dedicated to this goal, and forms a key component of GCTEs' soil research. | | | Soil erosion is a very widespread phenomenon, and is usually irreversible. | | | rainfall and wind intensity, soil moisture, surface roughness, soil erosion rates, etc.) over several years but need not involve the testing of a clear initial hypothesis. |
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http://www.nmw.ac.uk/GCTEFocus3/networks/erosion.htm
(609 words)
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| | After the Forest Fire: Evergreen Needles Prevent Soil Erosion |
| | The researchers collected and analyzed run-off soil and water from the boxes. | | | They filled four-meter by one-meter [13-foot by 3-foot] boxes, set at a 22-degree slope, with soil taken from burnt forests. | | | cover seemed to reduce erosion on forest soils after a fire. |
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http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/prrl/prrl0330.html
(469 words)
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| | SOIL EROSION |
| | One of the methods used to reduce moisture loss and therefore erosion is used in North Dakota and is known as 'no till' farming. | | | Sunflowers are also planted in rows between the wheat to keep the wind off the crop. | | | This reduces wind erosion losses by up to 50%, and reduces evaporation of soil moisture. |
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http://www.geographypages.co.uk/erosion.htm
(200 words)
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| | Soil Erosion (Maine DEP) |
| | However, when we change the landscape from forest to yards, streets, farm fields, shopping centers and roads, we accelerate soil erosion. | | | Keep soil undercover - covered by grass, shrubs and trees so the rain doesn’t have a chance to get at it and move it. | | | To add to all these problem, eroded soil particles are more than just soil particles. |
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http://www.state.me.us/dep/blwq/doceducation/dirt.htm
(791 words)
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| | Erosion |
| | This has occurred because soils have become exposed to wind and water movement and are no longer held together by plant roots. | | | The soil particles in dust storms have nutrient concentrations many times greater than the soil from which they came. | | | Not ploughing when the soil is dry and dusty reduces the risk of wind erosion. |
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http://www.waite.adelaide.edu.au/school/Soil/erosion.html
(590 words)
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| | RMRS-GTR-94: Silt fences: an economical technique for measuring hillslope soil erosion |
| | The silt fence is folded to form a pocket for the sediment to settle on and reduce the possibility of sediment undermining the silt fence. | | | The use of silt fences is versatile; various plot sizes can be used to measure hillslope erosion in different settings and to determine effectiveness of various treatments or practices. | | | An easy to install low-cost technique using silt fences (geotextile fabric) and tipping bucket rain gauges to measure onsite hillslope erosion was developed and tested. |
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http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr94.html
(334 words)
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| | Soil Erosion |
| | Find examples of erosion occuring in your local area. | | | Cut a square of grass to fit into trough 1. | | | Fill trough 2 with loose loam or soil. |
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http://www.maf.govt.nz/MAFnet/schools/kits/soil.htm
(130 words)
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| | Identifying Erosion:: Lesson Plan, Activity, or Teaching Idea from A to Z Teacher Stuff |
| | Ask students to remember how plants hold soil and to pay special attention to the placement of trees and shrubs on the school grounds. | | | Provide each pair of students with a disposable aluminum baking tray, enough soil to fill the tray, water, small container, newspapers and some rocks. | | | Ask what would happen if the plant was not in a pot, but in the ground and water keep running over it. |
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http://atozteacherstuff.com/pages/298.shtml
(698 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | On the other side of the battle are the natural processes of weathering and erosion. | | | Once rock has been broken up by weathering the small pieces can be moved by water, ice, wind, or gravity. | | | Take a 12 inch square piece of aluminum foil and form it into a box shape with edges about 2 inches high. |
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http://www.col-ed.org/cur/sci/sci03.txt
(641 words)
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| | Soil Erosion in Iceland - Results |
| | Other parts of the country, where erosion is mostly within tolerable levels, are colored green. | | | Sand encroachment is a severe problem in many areas in Iceland, but the Soil Conservation Service has developed methods that can stop the advancement of the sand. | | | The numeric information indicates that erosion classes 3, 4 and 5 cover about half of the country, while areas with tolerable levels of erosion cover the other half. |
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http://www.rala.is/desert/4-1.html
(487 words)
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| | NSW SoE 1997 - Chapter 2: Land - 2.5 Soil erosion |
| | It has been suggested that soil erosion rates have increased 10 to 100 times in the last hundred years within agricultural areas. | | | The number of farmers in the northern tablelands and coast who are aware that they need at least 30% pasture cover to prevent erosion increased from 45% to 70% in the last two years. | | | NSW SoE 1997 - Chapter 2: Land - 2.5 Soil erosion |
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http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/97/ch2/7.htm
(126 words)
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| | Soil Erosion - Mat, Inc. - Producers Of Soil Guard |
| | Soil Guard is suitable for applications requiring temporary erosion control until the establishment of ground covering vegetation. | | | Soil Erosion - Mat, Inc. - Producers Of Soil Guard | | | Mat Inc. is a producer of high quality wood-fiber mulches and the one-step erosion control system Soil Guard. |
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http://www.soilguard.com
(77 words)
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| | Soil Erosion Site: other links |
| | FAO 'Field measurement of soil erosion and runoff' | | | US GCRIO: Geoindicators - soil and sediment erosion | | | Dust from Africa leads to large toxic algae blooms off the coast of Florida |
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http://soilerosion.net/doc/links.html
(101 words)
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| | Soil Erosion |
| | To ensure that all drainage, soil erosion, and sediment control facilities are properly designed, constructed and maintained so as to provide water quality protection and prevent the conveyance of sediment via wind and storm water runoff | | | Sediment is the product of uncontrolled erosion. | | | Erosion and sedimentation result in: loss of fertile topsoil, filling of lakes and streams, increased flooding, damage to plant and animal life, and structural Damage to buildings and roads. |
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http://www.commercetwp.com/Building/BD_MSW_Soil_Erosion.htm
(315 words)
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| | Field Trip: Erosion |
| | Using some simple materials, both you and your students can get "down and dirty" with some hands-on activities that clearly show how soil erosion can be reduced and in some cases, almost eliminated. | | | What better place to learn about erosion, soil, and "Dirt" than with The "Dirtmeister" himself! | | | If you're looking for the real "dirt" on soil erosion, then this is the place to go! |
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http://teacher.scholastic.com/fieldtrp/science/erosion.htm
(529 words)
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| | Soil Erosion - Eduseek |
| | Soil Erosion in China - Information on Soil Erosion in China and the efforts currently underway to rehabilitate denuded areas | | | Soil Erosion - Extensive collection of sites on different types of soil erosion and subsequent impacts | | | Subjects > Geography > Geography - 16+ > Physical World > Systems and Processes > Biogeography and Soils > Soil Classification and Processes > Soil Problems and Solutions > Soil Erosion |
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http://www.eduseek.com/static/navigate4830.html
(136 words)
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| | Soil Erosion Site: erosion models |
| | However, their hillslope erosion component usually considers only water erosion. | | | CREAMS (Chemicals, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems) | | | Such models often consider other landscape-forming processes in addition to erosion, such as mass movements and fluvial (river) erosion. |
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http://soilerosion.net/doc/models_menu.html
(95 words)
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| | Soil Erosion |
| | A person shall design the plan to effectively reduce accelerated soil erosion and sedimentation and shall identify factors that may contribute to soil erosion or sedimentation, or both. | | | A soils survey or a written description of the soil types of the exposed land area contemplated for the earth change. | | | A person who is designated by the county or local enforcing agency and who is trained in soil erosion and sedimentation control methods and techniques shall review and approve all soil erosion and sedimentation control plans. |
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http://www.clareco.net/Soil_Erosion/soil_erosion_home.htm
(867 words)
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