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| | Scale Insects: Introduction |
 | | Body of insect protected with a wax or vanish-like covering that is not attached to the body of the insect; the insect can be seen by lifting off this covering. | | | The body of the scale insect is protected by a cover (the armor) made from wax secreted by the insect and cast skins (exuviae) of previous growth stages. | | | Scale insects are a diverse group of insects in the order HOMOPTERA. |
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http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/inter/inmine/Scale.html
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| | ScaleNet: A Database of the Scale Insects of the World |
| | Scale insects vary dramatically in their appearance from very small organisms (1-2mm) that occur under wax covers (some look like oyster shells), to shiny pearl-like objects (about 5mm), to creatures covered with mealy wax. | | | This site is all about scale insects (Coccoidea): a group of insects comprised of about 7,355 species. | | | Ultimately, information will be provided for all 28 families of scale insects. |
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http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm
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| | scale insect on Encyclopedia.com |
| | Control of scale insects has been largely by use of natural enemies, especially ladybird beetles and small parasitic wasps, which are natural predators of these pests. | | | Scale insects have proved difficult to control by chemical means. | | | Scale insects are classified in the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Homoptera, superfamily Coccoidea. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/s1/scaleins.asp
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| | SCALES |
| | Scales are usually small and inconspicuous and by the time an infestation is noted, the population is usually so great the plant is unsalable. | | | The yellow streaks in the foliage which appear to radiate from the scales are feeding injuries and are typical of injuries caused by this pest on palms. | | | Control of mealybugs and scales is especially difficult as the waxy deposits and shell-like covering protects these pests from exposure to the pesticide. |
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http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/scales.htm
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| | scale insects |
| | Scale insects are among the more unusual — and mysterious — insects associated with landscape plants. | | | Scales are sucking insects that feed on plant juices. | | | Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae): Close relatives and classed with scale insects, these insects are typically covered with a white, mealy wax. |
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http://grounds-mag.com/mag/grounds_maintenance_tipping_scales/index.html
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| | Houseplant Scale Insects Iowa Insect Information Notes |
| | Several species of scale insects commonly infest plants in the home or greenhouse. | | | These sap-feeding insects have a tan to brown shell-like covering or scale that protects the insect's body. | | | A large quantity of a sweet sticky liquid called honeydew is excreted by scale insects. |
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http://www.ent.iastate.edu/ipm/iiin/housepla.html
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| | Royal Horticultural Society - Gardening Advice: Scale Insects |
| | Some species of scale insect produce a sticky liquid called honeydew that is excreted by the scales and is deposited in the foliage. | | | Scale insects can remain attached to the plant long after they are dead but new growth should be free of scales once they have been brought under control. | | | Several species of scale insects are confined to plants growing in glasshouses or other sheltered places. |
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http://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profiles0801/scale.asp
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| | Scale Insects Affecting Conifers |
| | Some scales also excrete sticky honeydew, which further detracts from plant appearance and attracts nuisance bees and wasps. | | | Scales are some of the most important insect pests affecting conifer trees and shrubs in Colorado. | | | The most vulnerable stage of the scale insect's life cycle is the crawler stage, an active unarmored stage that occurs after egg hatch. |
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http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05514.html
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| | Scale Insects of Christmas Trees |
| | Heavy populations of scales are not common in pine forests because of natural enemies such as parasitic and predatory insects. | | | Pine needle scales may be killed by ladybird beetles (ladybugs), tiny parasitic wasps, cold winter weather and disease. | | | Scales mate and a second generation is produced about mid-July. |
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http://forestry.msu.edu/extension/ExtDocs/scales.htm
(1255 words)
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| | Later's Pest Info Bulletin - Scale Insects |
| | Scale Insects (over 3000 species in North America) are related to Mealybugs, but instead of a white waxy substance Scale Insects use a harder cover for protection. | | | Scale Insects suck the sap from plants, causing them to lose luster, vigour and colour and in severe cases death of the plant. | | | A hard shell can be removed from the insect but the soft shell is the exoskeleton, thus part of the insect. |
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http://www.laters.com/insects/scale.htm
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| | cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi |
| | Although scale insects may be spread short distances by wind dispersal of crawlers, we surmise that the long distance spread of this scale insect is by transport of infested plants. | | | In the landscape, the scale insects have been observed at different depths on primary (3 cm in diam) and secondary roots in groups of a few to several individuals from near the soil surface to a maximum depth of 60 cm. | | | The scale insects are consistently more numerous on the lower than on the upper surfaces of leaflets, and in light infestations they occupy the lower leaf surfaces exclusively. |
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http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/palms/cycad_scale.htm
(1494 words)
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| | Scale Insects and Mealy Bugs |
| | Adult scale insects are extremely variable in shape, and range in size from that of a pinhead up to forms which are a quarter of an inch long. | | | The natural enemies of scale insects and mealy bugs are tiny parasitic wasps, certain flies, lacewings, beetle larvae, and a few infectious diseases. | | | Most insects are active animals that fly, hop, scamper, crawl or burrow, but these queer creatures spend most of their lives merely sitting in one spot, sucking plant juices from a branch, twig, leaf, or fruit. |
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http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/400-499/nb404.htm
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| | Scale Insects on Orchids |
| | Scales are probably the most important insect pests of cultivated orchids in northern climates. | | | Chitin is a primary component of the insect integument, or exoskeleton. | | | Scale insects have a three-stage life history: egg, larva (or nymph), and adult. |
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http://nat_hist.sdstate.edu/orchids/pests/scales.htm
(2973 words)
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| | Scale Insects, Soft Scales, Wax Scales - Family Coccidae |
| | ladybird larvae feeding on the scale insects on a Citrus leaf. | | | Young scale insects may still look like an insects, but they are very small. | | | The young scale insects have three pair of legs, known as 'crawlers'. |
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http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_softbugs/ScaleInsect.htm
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| | Scale Insects |
| | Scale species may overwinter in any life stage but most overwinter as eggs or mated females which are the stages that best survive low winter temperatures. | | | On many ornamental plants, scale insects are the most serious pests, and most ornamentals are susceptible to one or more species of scales. | | | Since scale insects may occur on all plant parts, every part of the plant must be checked. |
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http://woodypest.ifas.ufl.edu/scales.htm
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| | Scale Insects and Mealybugs on Ornamental Plants |
| | Scale insects are the most serious pests of many ornamental plants. | | | Scale insects often thrive in warm, humid environments, so increase air flow or decrease plant density in the area to make conditions less conducive. | | | Mealybugs are soft-bodied insects that are often covered with cottony white filaments (Figure 7). |
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http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG005
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| | 2005 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Soft-Bodied Insects Attacking Foliage and Fruit |
| | The insects include scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies, psyllids, and aphids. | | | Scale bodies from previous generations often remain on the plant for several months and may be mistaken for live scales, resulting in the application of scale pesticides at inappropriate times. | | | Generally, the intent of spraying for scale insects is to reduce populations with a single application in a way that no additional sprays are necessary during that season and in a way that is least disruptive to the system. |
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http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CG004
(2996 words)
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| | Scale Insects - Landscape Nursery and Urban Forestry - UMass Extension |
| | In general, scales attach themselves to the host plant, insert their feeding stylets into the vascular system for feeding,, and then cover themselves with a waxy covering that often is impermeable to most chemical insecticides. | | | Depending on the species involved, scale insects can be found feeding on the foliage, stems, branches or trunk of the host plant. | | | Scale insects belong to the insect order Homoptera. |
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http://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/scale_insects.html
(186 words)
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| | Scale insects (from homopteran) -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | More from Britannica on "Scale insects (from homopteran)"... | | | The insect is made up of three major parts: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. | | | Insects develop slowly, and many birds, diseases, and other insects attack and kill wheat-eating insects. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-39637?tocId=39637
(853 words)
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| | Scale Insects - PA DCNR |
| | Therefore, many scale insect species are important pests in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. | | | Scale insects (superfamily Coccoidea) are different from most insects in several ways. | | | Male scale insects are very small, have one pair of delicate wings, live only a few days, and do not feed. |
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http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/pests/scale.htm
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| | Scale Insects |
| | To control scale insects on houseplants, use insecticidal soap or horticultural oil(scale that have been sprayed with oil) for houseplants or a houseplant spray that is registered for use. | | | Soft scales are sucking insects that attack a wide variety of plants. | | | Be sure the plant and insect is on the label and follow all directions carefully. |
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http://www.agnr.umd.edu/users/hgic/diagn/house/scale_insects.html
(208 words)
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| | Scale Insects - Check out our carpet and disaster recovery tips! |
| | Scale insects extract sap and nutrients from the plant, weakening it and making it more susceptible to winter damage and drought stress. | | | Scale control begins with a horticultural oil spray in the fall, winter or spring for protection against over-wintering adults. | | | Although very small, scale insects are usually present in large numbers. |
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http://www.allabouthome.com/tips/pests/scale_insects.html
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| | Scale insects on Ficus dying |
| | The sticky substance is the honeydew excreted by the insects. | | | Plants that are severely infested with insects may be treated (mechanically or chemically) so that their problems will not spread to other plants, or they may be discarded and replaced with healthy plants from a nursery. | | | Contact insecticides are ineffective because of the scales protective covering, but systemic insecticides are absorbed into the plant and then into the insect when it feeds on the plant juices. |
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http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/ces/yard/2003/081603.html
(625 words)
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| | Scale Insects on Peaches and Plums |
| | The reproductive rate of this insect is exceedingly high and injurious infestations frequently develop in the few months between harvest and the advent of winter. | | | Scale insects in all stages of development exist throughout the year, except during periods of extremely cold weather. | | | Also, scale insects can rapidly reproduce on trees in years when there is a crop failure due to weather conditions because producers do not normally carry out a spray program when this happens. |
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http://entowww.tamu.edu/extension/publications/siopaplum.html
(832 words)
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| | Commitment Talking With A Plant Expert: Scale insects on Ficus by Jennifer J.S. Stengle |
| | Though Scale insects can vary greatly in appearance, they are best recognized by their inability to crawl as adults and their general body shape; something similar to that of a barnacle or limpet. | | | Honey-dew is an indication that a colony of Scale insects have chosen your Ficus as home. | | | Scale and other sap sucking insects often eject sticky droppings called honey-dew. |
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http://www.committment.com/jstengle.html
(640 words)
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| | San Jose Scale Insects |
| | Scales are among the most difficult insect pests to control, especially San Jose Scale. | | | Enlarged illustration of scale insect on a rose twig. | | | I did have a peach and plum tree but upon inspection I determined that the scale insect was not on them. |
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http://www.scvrs.homestead.com/SanJoseScale.html
(2137 words)
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| | Scale insects |
| | Scale insects refers to a group of insects that vary in shape and form and can affect both hardwoods and conifers. | | | Scales and damage from these insects can be found on any part of the tree. | | | All are small insects, usually 1/50 to 1/10 of inch long. |
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http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/scalinse.htm
(352 words)
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| | Scale Insects of Pine |
| | Scales are sucking insects that attack a wide variety of trees. | | | Pine tortoise scale differs from other scale insects that occur on pine. | | | Control: This scale is often controlled by wasp parasites and lady beetles. |
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http://www.agnr.umd.edu/USERS/HGIC/diagn/needle/scale_insects_pine.html
(614 words)
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| | UC Davis Department of Entomology - Faculty - Penny J. Gullan, Ph.D. |
| | Cranston, P.S. and Gullan, P.J. (2003) Phylogeny of insects. | | | Gullan, P.J. and Cranston, P.S. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. | | | Cook, L.G. and Gullan, P.J. First-instar morphology and sexual dimorphism in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). |
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http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gullan.html
(277 words)
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| | Time to Control Scale Insects - The Homeowner's Column |
| | Scale insects have no discernable head or legs, live under a waxy covering and suck plant juices. | | | Oystershell scale on plants such as dogwood and lilac should be sprayed now with an insecticide as Vanhoutte spirea is in full to late bloom. | | | One method of scouting for scale crawlers is to wrap a piece of black electrician's tape around a branch with the sticky side out during the time the crawlers are predicted to be present. |
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http://web.extension.uiuc.edu/champaign/homeowners/040515.html
(600 words)
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| | Plumeria Problems Page: Scale insects |
| | Scale insects are hard, round, shell-like insects adhere to stems and leaf undersides. | | | Improve the air circulation in greenhouse area, and as weather permits remove plants, and blast them clean and free of all scale insects and mites. | | | Note: most Plumeria seem resistant to scale insects, |
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http://www.plumeria101.com/problems/scale_insect.html
(114 words)
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| | What's That Bug:Aphids, Scale Insects, Leafhoppers, and Tree Hoppers |
| | Homopterans are a large group of insects including aphids and scale insects, and many members of the Sub-Order have the cottony appearance your picture exemplifies. | | | Treehoppers, which belong to the insect order Homoptera, are related to aphids, cicadas, mealybugs, scale insects and leafhoppers. | | | You have a type of Cottony Scale insect from the genus Pulvinaria whose members are characterized by a naked adult female (the scale) who excretes a large cottony egg-sac beneath or behind her body. |
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http://www.whatsthatbug.com/aphids.html
(4089 words)
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| | Scale Insects |
| | Scale insects are less than 1/4 inch long and vary in color. | | | Soft scale is more prevalent in the south affecting such plants as citrus, gardenias, hollies and camellias. | | | Much better control of insects is obtained if sprayed in the crawling stage. |
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http://www.campbellsnursery.com/Handouts/scale_insects.htm
(531 words)
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| | Insect, Mite & Related Pest Suppression Products For Use In Commercial Ornamental Plant Pest Management Programs |
| | scale insects on nursery stock (woody ornamentals or herbaceous plants commercially grown for transplanting), including potted and field grown plants. | | | aphids, scale insects, thrips, whiteflies in greenhouses on bedding plants, cut flowers, flowering hanging baskets, foliage, potted flowering plants and ornamentals | | | aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs, mites, scale insects and whiteflies on ornamentals, trees and shrubs in and around greenhouses, commercial nurseries and other commercial and residential structures. |
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http://insects.tamu.edu/extension/bulletins/orntbl97.html
(2333 words)
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| | Insects |
| | Field Crop (Farm) Insects: Corn Pests, Armyworms, Fall Armyworms, Corn Borer, Wireworms. | | | -- http://www.msue.msu.edu/vanburen/japbet.htm Japanese Beetles, (Popillia japonica) the most widespread and serious turfgrass insect pest in the Northeast when it is a grub, is also a major pest as an adult, when it feeds on nearly 300 species of plants, including fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, field and forage crops and weeds. | | | Home Insects Biting and Stinging Insects: Foraging Yellowjackets, Nuisance Honeybees, Wasps, Hornets and Yellowjackets, Mosquito Control, A Smarter Approach to Flea Control. |
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http://people.lis.uiuc.edu/~kawski/mastergardener/mgfqinsects.htm
(4160 words)
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| | Flower & Garden Magazine: What's the diagnosis? Scale insects - controling plant pests |
| | The only time in their lives the insects are visible is when they are still very small, just after they have hatched from their eggs. | | | In all cases the coverings are effective in protecting scale insects from natural enemies (and insecticides). | | | The oil kills primarily by covering and suffocating the insects, so spraying your plants from many different angles to give complete coverage is essential for good control. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1082/is_n4_v38/ai_15684396
(448 words)
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| | Ron Fee Inc. - Scale Insects |
| | Scale insects have long been a nuisance to many Florida landscape plants but there are some additional ways in which they can be partially controlled: | | | Like all insects, their life cycle begins with an egg. | | | Native plants tend to tolerate native scale insects better than non-natives. |
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http://www.ronfeeinc.com/ScaleInsects.html
(392 words)
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| | Scale insects on pines |
| | When eggs hatch, the young scales or "crawlers" are mobile and are dispersed by crawling or wind or are carried on the bodies of birds. | | | Some scales also excrete a sticky honeydew that attracts nuisance pests such as yellow jackets and other wasps. | | | Crawlers eventually settle on a tree, produce a waxy covering and settle in to feed. |
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http://www.ext.colostate.edu/ptlk/1418.html
(284 words)
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| | SEL Home |
| | Scale Family Keys (keys to families of scale insects) |
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http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/selhome/selhome.htm
(42 words)
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| | Entomology Web Sites: Common Insects |
| | The Scale Insect - A Pest Often Overlooked from University of Saskatchewan, CANADA | | | Houseplant Scale Insects from Iowa Insect Information Notes | | | Phasmid Study Group (PSG) organisation fostering study of stick & leaf insects, based in UK but with members from many countries |
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http://www.isis.vt.edu/~fanjun/text/Link_spec03.html
(67 words)
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| | Insects and Entomology Iowa State Entomology Index of Internet Resources |
| | The International Database on Insect Disinfestation and Sterilization - IDIDAS provides information on disinfestation and sterilization of arthropod species, with dosage levels and conditions, efficacy and references. | | | Tephritid Worker Database - TWD is a directory of tephritid fruit fly researchers and plant protection officers in the world, providing expertise on species and speciality field, and recent publications, bibliographic references, news, directories, meetings, and projects. | | | For researchers, phytosanotary regulators, plant protection services and SIT facility and food irradiation operations personnel. |
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http://www.ent.iastate.edu/List
(266 words)
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| | Animal Inventory (Insects)--Homoptera: cicadas, hoppers, psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, scale insects |
| | Cicadas, Hoppers, Psyllids, Whiteflies, Aphids and Scale Insects | | | Animal Inventory (Insects)--Homoptera: cicadas, hoppers, psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, scale insects | | | We are just beginning our formal survey of homopterans, so please check back later for the results of our work. |
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http://www.hiltonpond.org/ChecklistHomopteraMain.html
(199 words)
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| | Scale insects - definition of Scale insects in Encyclopedia |
| | Scale insects - definition of Scale insects in Encyclopedia | | | Searchword not found in the selected dictionary, but you can try the following: | | | Embed a dictionary search in your own web page |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Scale_insects
(50 words)
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| | Landscape Insects Menu |
| | Timing Control Actions for Landscape Insect Pests Using Flowering Plants as Indicators | | | The Wheel Bug, Arilus cristatus L. Greenhouse Insect Management | | | Of course, ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS FOR SAFE USE OF ANY PESTICIDE! |
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http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/eftrees.htm
(168 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | females: dark brown or gray, 1/16 inch long, resemble oystershell scales, pear-shaped; males: smaller, narrow, white. | | | First brood: late May; Second and third broods: late July to early September |
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http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/trees/scales.htm
(145 words)
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