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| | The Basics of Salinity and Sodicity Effects on Soil Physical Properties |
 | | The combination of salinity and sodicity of soils is measured by the swelling factor, which is the amount a soil is likely to swell with different combinations of salinity and sodicity. | | | As irrigation water with low salinity is applied to the soil by irrigation or rainfall, this water flows into the spaces between clay particles (micropores). | | | Although the water is not held tighter to the soil in saline environments, the presence of salt in the water causes plants to exert more energy extracting water from the soil. |
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http://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/methane/basics_highlight.shtml
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| | SALINITY |
| | Ocean salinity is approximately 35 ppt; thus in the Bay the salinity usually ranges from 0 to 35 ppt. | | | In winter and spring the salinity is lowest because ground water intrusion, increased precipitation, and melting snow add extra fresh water to the Bay. | | | In an estuary freshwater from rain, runoff and ground water seepage combines with the salty water of the ocean brought in by tides, wind, and currents. |
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http://www.qacps.k12.md.us/cms/sci/TESTSAL.HTM
(694 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | Dryland salinity is caused by the removal of deep-rooted plants, perennial trees, shrubs and grasses and their replacement with annual crops and pastures that do not use as much water. | | | An increase in salinity levels can be identified by vegetation damage, inhibited growth or dieback; bare or eroded soil; an increase in the growth of salt-tolerant plants; waterlogging on the ground's surface; higher levels of salt in surface or groundwater; or roads cracking or breaking up. | | | Dryland salinity has adversely affected our native plants and animals, with the CSIRO estimating a 50 per cent reduction in bird species in agricultural areas. |
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http://www.nrm.gov.au/publications/salinity
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| | Managing Salinity in Florida Citrus |
| | The critical salinity level (where plants are adversely affected) varies with the buffering capacity of the soil (soil type, organic matter), climatic conditions, and the soil moisture status. | | | Therefore, for citrus irrigated with saline water it is essential that irrigations be frequent (daily) to minimize salinity stress. | | | Saline irrigation water that wets the foliage (partially or fully) can result in severe damage to the leaves in the skirt of the trees. |
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http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AE171
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| | Salinity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | As well, salinity influences the kinds of plants that will grow either in a water body, or on land fed by a water (or by a groundwater). | | | These waters are all regarded as thalassic because their salinity is derived from the ocean and defined as homoiohaline if salinity does not vary much over time (essentially invariant). | | | Lewis, E.L. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and its antecedents. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity
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| | SALINITY |
| | Agricultural practices have been the main cause in the development of dryland salinity, leading to a substantial impact on the viability of agriculture over an increasing area of land. | | | The effects of dryland salinity are felt mostly on agricultural land, but they are not limited to these areas. | | | Dryland (and irrigation) salinity has a major effect on the utility of the River Murray as a widely used water resource, both for drinking and irrigation. |
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http://www.eng.newcastle.edu.au/~ncwe/ncwePosPaper/ppSalinity.htm
(4418 words)
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| | Salinity and Sodicity in North Dakota Soils |
| | Salinity and sodicity are often seen as bare ground with whitish crust that has a scabby appearance. | | | Saline and sodic soils are recognized and shown on soils maps made by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). | | | Saline soils are corrosive with respect to certain materials commonly used for construction. |
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http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/soilfert/eb57-1.htm
(2730 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | In natural bodies of water, wind is the usual source of energy that breaks down pycnoclines. | | | A pycnocline is any steep density gradient, so a thermocline is also a type of pycnocline. | | | Because of its lower density, lower salinity water will rest above the more dense, higher salinity water. |
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http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/marbot/Physprop/salinity.htm
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| | Salinity in NSW |
| | In some places, salinity is a natural phenomenon but in others, increasing salinity caused by rising watertables is often the result of particular land use practices, such as over-clearing, urban development, river regulation, irrigation or the cultivation of crops. | | | Irrigation salinity is caused by over irrigation, inefficient water use and poor drainage. | | | At the March summit, recommendations were gathered from the community, land managers, farmers, conservationists, representatives of Aboriginal communities, industries, local and state governments and scientists to develop a comprehensive strategy to deal with salinity. |
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http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/salinity
(862 words)
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| | Agricultural Salinity and Drainage |
| | Salinity can be a particular problem in irrigated arid and semi-arid agricultural lands. | | | Irrigated agriculture in coastal environments are becoming increasingly threatened by salinity in the ground water. | | | The most recent text on the subject, Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, edited by K.K. Tanji and published by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1990, is a comprehensive and useful reference source for agricultural scientists and engineers. |
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http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/irrigation/manuals/93-01.html
(639 words)
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| | Potential Biological Response to Salinity -Appendix G |
| | Effects of Parasitism and Temperature on Salinity Tolerance of the Kelp Shrimp Eualus suckleyi Trans. | | | Spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, were captured in water with salinity as high as 57 0/00 in the Upper Laguna Madre, Texas (Hellier 1962). | | | In plankton, species differ in their tolerance to salinity with some preferring fresher waters, some preferring high salinity and some having a very wide range of tolerance. |
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http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/salton/BiolResponsetoSalinityAppG.html
(5599 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | However, when the highly saline waters of the ocean meet fresh water, an estuary is formed. | | | When fresh water, ground water and soils are altered by human actions and salinity greatly increases, it can have an extreme detrimental effect on life there. | | | Changes in salinity brought about by human residential, commercial and industrial activity can kill plant life, aquatic life, and animal life in a given area. |
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http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Water/salinity.html&edu=high
(671 words)
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| | NSW SoE 1995 - Land - CASE STUDY: The Yass Salinity Abatement Demonstration Program (YSADP) |
| | It is now generally accepted that the cause of dryland salinity is a net annual reduction in plant water use in response to the broad scale clearing of deep-rooted perennial vegetation and its replacement with shallow-rooted annual crops and pasture species. | | | Around 14,000 hectares (0.17%) of the state is affected by saline seepage (the most serious type of dryland salinity), mainly in the Eastern and Central Divisions, and this area is increasing at a general rate of 2% per annum. | | | Benefits were extensive, including rehabilitation of saline sites, establishment of windbreaks, timber production, honey and beeswax production, tree seed production, aesthetic improvements, provision of wildlife habitat and provision of educational opportunities. |
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http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/95/12_2s1.htm
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| | Salinity in Australia |
| | Salinity and rising water tables incur significant and costly impacts. | | | While salt is naturally present in many of our landscapes, European farming practices which replaced native vegetation with shallow-rooted crops and pastures have caused a marked increase in the expression of salinity in our land and water resources. | | | Rising groundwater levels, caused by these farming practices, are bringing with them dissolved salts which were stored in the ground for millennia. |
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http://www.deh.gov.au/land/pressures/salinity
(506 words)
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| | NRCS National Water and Climate Center |
| | Salinity problems reduce productivity on both irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural lands in the United States and throughout the world. | | | Even soils classified as “slightly saline” are marginally acceptable for many crops. | | | In California's Coachella Valley, irrigation applications and sub-surface drain lines are managed to reduce the effects of soil salinity on crop land. |
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http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/salinity
(548 words)
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| | Issues: Salinity - CSIRO Land and Water |
| | The area damaged by salinity to date represents about 4.5 percent of present cultivated land, and estimated current costs include $130 million annually in lost agricultural production; $100 million annually in damage to infrastructure; and at least $40 million in loss of environmental assets. | | | For example, some 450 species of plant, insect and bird life are under threat in the megadiverse regions of south-west Western Australia alone. | | | New agriculture needed to combat salinity from Ecos no.102: on the Landlinks website |
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http://www.clw.csiro.au/issues/salinity
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| | SOFIA - Salinity Patterns in Florida Bay: A Synthesis - Abstract |
| | However, salinity patterns in Florida Bay are dependent on processes occurring along its periphery. | | | Long-term regional water-management practices are widely thought to have reduced the quantity and shifted the distribution and timing of freshwater inflow leading to a marinification of Florida Bay. | | | Hypersaline conditions appear first and have been most severe and persistent in central Florida Bay where salinities have reached or exceeded 40 psu for over 50 percent of the period-of-record. |
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http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/sal_patterns/salpatabgeer00.html
(1101 words)
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| | Salinity Intrusion in the Red River Delta |
| | The main agricultural product of this area is rice and the affect of salinity intrusion to rice fields must be prevented. | | | Thus some proper measures should be proposed to reduce effects of salinity intrusion on agricultural activities in the area. | | | However, the construction of dikes can only partly improve the situation. |
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http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/env_dev/papers/pap08.html
(2160 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | It has also provided unique insights to the problem of salinity control that will be considered in the regional plans being developed under the banner of the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality. | | | Potential impact of saline irrigation water on the grape industry in the Murray Darling Basin | | | The report analyses the long run implications of increasingly saline irrigation supplies in the Murray Darling Basin's main rivers on grape yields and producer returns in the viticulture industry. |
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http://www.abare.gov.au/research/landwater/salinity.html
(201 words)
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| | WG3: Problem soils – Salinity |
| | Phosphorous and Zn deficiency, and Fe and Al toxicities are the major nutrient problems associated with salinity. | | | Each state has developed its own varieties and crop production technologies. | | | Ex-ante analyses of rice production in saline areas |
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http://www.irri.org/cure/lowlandWG3.htm
(472 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | Evaporation serves to increase the salinity of sea water, but the chemicals do not all increase the same amount when compared with river water. | | | In polar areas where glaciers and ice caps are melting, the sea water has lower salinity. | | | Warmer waters will tend to have higher salinity than cooler waters. |
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http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/Earth&Space/GPS/Salinity.html
(1274 words)
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| | Side Bar |
| | As light shines through the sample, it is bent according to the salinity of the water, and casts a shadow on the scale that is visible through the eyepiece. | | | Read salinity in parts per thousand (ppt, the right side of the scale) at the intersection of the light and dark fields in the eyepiece. | | | For example, at 20ºC the refractive index of pure water is 1.333, while the refractive index of seawater (salinity = 35 ppt) is 1.339. |
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http://www.lumcon.edu/education/studentdatabase/salinity.asp
(453 words)
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| | Ocean Water: Salinity |
| | Most marine creatures keep the salinity inside their bodies at about the same concentration as the water outside their bodies because water likes a balance. | | | Freshwater salinity is usually less than 0.5 ppt. | | | If an animal that usually lives in salt water were placed in fresh water, the fresh water would flow into the animal through its skin. |
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http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/water/salinity1.htm
(426 words)
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| | Ship Mates: Salinity |
| | Although salinity generally increases with depth (<<<), there is a distinct layer where salinity increases sharply called the Halocline. | | | High salinity seawater generally sinks below lower salinity water. | | | Lower salinities occur at high latitudes where the ocean receives fresh water from rain and melting ice. |
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http://www.bigelow.org/shipmates/salinity.html
(276 words)
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| | Aqueduct Magazine Cubed - Assault on Salinity |
| | Apply water to the land and as much as two-thirds will be used to meet the needs of the crop or is lost through evaporation. | | | During less favorable times, emphasis would be placed on reducing salinity from April through September to support irrigation with recycled water. | | | Agriculture also contributes to the salinity of the Colorado. |
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http://www.mwdh2o.com/Aqueduct/july2001/salinity2.htm
(566 words)
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| | Salinity 2006 mtg |
| | The salinity field of the global oceans is attracting increasing attention, due to its influence on ocean-atmosphere exchanges, its role as an indicator of the water cycle and its potential for improved climate forecasting. | | | What are the observational requirements for monitoring salinity variability in the coastal zone, the tropics, subtropics, and at high latitudes? | | | What are the processes and mechanisms that link salinity, the water cycle, ocean circulation, and climate variability? |
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http://www.usclivar.org/Organization/Salinity_WG/Salinity2006.html
(984 words)
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| | DoE: Salinity |
| | This highly saline water can eventually appear on or near the ground surface, causing 'dryland salinity', damaging soil structure and natural plants, and becoming unsuitable for drinking or irrigation. | | | The clearing of native vegetation and planting of shallow rooted crops can cause groundwater to rise, pass through new soil, and dissolve naturally occurring salts. | | | The water may also find its way directly to rivers and streams, where it severely damages plant and animal life, and may have effects hundreds of kilometres downstream. |
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http://portal.environment.wa.gov.au/portal/page?_pageid=55,68510&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
(419 words)
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| | Salinity and Water Quality of Great Salt Lake |
| | Brine shrimp are often washed into Gunnison Bay and may be able to reproduce in a small area where less saline water enters from Gilbert Bay, but as they are carried by currents into the main body of Gunnison Bay, they die. | | | Brine flies inhabit the shoreline, but the most visible aquatic organisms in Gunnison Bay are the photosynthetic sulfur bacteria that color the water a reddish-purple. | | | The salinity in Gilbert Bay declined from almost 15% in late 1995 to 11% in late 1997, but salinity in Gunnison Bay fluctuated only 1 to 2% around 28% during the same time. |
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http://ut.water.usgs.gov/salinity
(429 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | These reports deal with current salinity monitoring, the previous two years of salinity field work, and obstacles in moving from hazard mapping to risk assessment. | | | It has also become an increasingly important national issue in relation to water quality, land degradation and vegetation management. | | | Salinity hazard maps identify areas where there is potential for salinity to occur if the landscape is not well managed. |
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http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/salinity
(172 words)
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| | salinity of ocean water on Encyclopedia.com |
| | Sources of ground water salinity on islands using [.sup.18]O, [.sup.2]H, and [.sup.34]S. Date:1/1/2004 | | | Doing the Chesapeake's 'Jellyfish Dance'; Swimmers Suffer More Stings Because Drought Increases Water's Salinity | | | Earth Explorer 02-01-1995 Vertical Ocean CurrentsDepending on its temperature and salinity, water sinks or rises, producing vertical currents.When cold surface water freezes it leaves the salt behind in the liquid. |
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http://encyclopedia.infonautics.com/html/X/X-salinity.asp
(405 words)
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| | Glossary of Terms: S |
| | Plants that exist in this community have special adaptation to survive in the presence of high salinities in their immediate environment. | | | Generally, found poleward of 30° North and South latitude. | | | Pedogenic process that concentrates salts at or near the soil surface because evapotranspiration greatly exceeds water inputs from precipitation. |
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http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/physgeoglos/s.html
(5498 words)
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| | Utilities: salinity from conductivity |
| | Note: 10 kPa = 1 dbar is close to the pressure increase that corresponds to a depth increase of 1 m. | | | To determine salinity from this salinity ratio, use the salinity from conductivity ratio calculator. | | | The quantity used in the determination of salinity in bench salinometers is the conductivity ratio R |
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http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/Utilities/salcon.html
(158 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | Features such as the climatically significant Great Salinity Anomaly [ Dickson, et al. | | | SSS is controlled by E-P, advection and mixing with underlying water. | | | It is estimated that the Great Salinity Anomaly could have been detected by an ESTAR, though the sensitivity is reduced to 0.1 ppt at low temperatures. |
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http://www.agu.org/revgeophys/schmit01/node15.html
(620 words)
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| | Science Search > Salinity |
| | Detailed description of the difference between dry land salinity and irrigated land salinity. | | | An australian portal for information on soil salinity and methods for dealing with it. | | | Salinity is a big problem in Western Australia. |
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http://www.science-search.org/index/Agriculture/Soils/Salinity
(151 words)
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| | Salinity Data |
| | Go to a list of NODC's CD-ROM products or publications; or go directly to the Ocean Climate Laboratory's Product Page for more information on World Ocean Atlas/Database products. | | | These data include measurements of salinity and temperature from thermosalinographs, bottom depth, wind speed and direction, atmospheric temperature, pressure and humidity, position and date/time. | | | See also: Major oceanographic program data available from NODC. |
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http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/salinity.html
(240 words)
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| | Lynne D. Talley, Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography |
| | The role of cabbeling and double diffusion in setting the density of the North Pacific Intermediate Water salinity minimum. | | | Warm water to cold water conversion in the northern North Atlantic Ocean. | | | Ventilation of the subtropical North Pacific: the shallow salinity minimum. |
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http://sam.ucsd.edu/talleyhome.html
(1987 words)
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| | 11b. Density Currents - Background Information |
| | The higher the salinity of seawater, the greater the density of seawater. | | | A salinometer gauges the salinity of ocean water by measuring the electrical conductivity of water at certain temperatures. | | | As the fresh water freezes, the salts remain behind. |
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http://www.usm.maine.edu/maps/lessons/nr11b.htm
(876 words)
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| | A Q U A R I U S |
| | Salinity was formerly expressed in terms of parts per thousand (ppt) or by weight (parts per thousand or 0/00). | | | In general, salinity reflects the total amount of dissolved solids in ocean water in parts per thousand by weight after all carbonate has been converted to oxide, the bromide and iodide to chloride, and all the organic matter oxidized. | | | salinity: A measure of the quantity of dissolved solids in ocean water. |
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http://www.bigelow.org/aquarius/education-salinity.html
(342 words)
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| | AOML » GCC »Salinity Maps |
| | Salinity is a good indicator of water mass such that is can be used as a demarcation tool. | | | Exploratory studies are underway to determine which factors have predictive capabilities for which regions. | | | Moreover, there are strong correlations between salinity and alkalinity. |
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http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/gcc/salinity/salinity.html
(162 words)
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| | Profile:Salinity |
| | Salinity gradients act to slow vertical mixing, and they create distinct layers that have their own water quality characteristics. | | | This profile was made after a period of high river flows that diluted the salt content of Bay waters and established a strong vertical gradient (salinity stratification) between low-salinity surface and higher-salinity bottom waters. | | | Notice that the salinity was uniform from surface to bottom depths (the salinity gradient disappeared). |
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http://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/access/wqdata/overview/measure/ctd/profiles/njsal_prof.html
(220 words)
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| | Salinity Research |
| | Not only is there the meeting of the fresh and salt water, there is also the mixing of the two waters are forced together up and over Race Rocks. | | | Surface salinity also tends to vary throughout the year due to the seasonal influx of fresh water from the Fraser River, run off from Glaciers and monthly tidal currents. | | | Fresh water, on the other hand, tends to stay on the surface of the strait and nearer to the rivers from which is emanates. |
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http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/jason/abiotic/salinity_research.html
(398 words)
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| | Salinity Refractometer |
| | One scale checks the salinity levels with the range of 0-100 ppt (with 1 ppt scale divisions) and the other scale gauges Specific Gravity with a range of 1.000 to 1.070 (+/- 0.001 accuracy). | | | Salinity Refractometer in a blue, foam-lined hard case. | | | The RHS series of portable salinity refractometers are designed to measure the salinity of saline solutions similar to that of natural seawater. |
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http://www.diyreef.com/shop/product_info.php?products_id=35
(237 words)
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| | ::Marine Habitat:: (Salinity) |
| | Finally, ocean salinity of the western portion of Cook Inlet is influenced by fresh water runoff from the Cook Inlet watershed. | | | Also evident from these data are the stratified waters of outer Kachemak Bay, which is visible as a relatively low salinity lens around transects CIT-10 through CIT-12. | | | Consequently, this area has relatively low salinity, as shown in green between stations CIT-1 through CIT-4. |
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http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/marinehabitat/what_we_learned/salinity_learned.html
(139 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | The density of a seawater sample is proportional to its temperature and salinity. | | | The hydrometer employs Archimedes principle, that is a floating body displaces its own weight in water. | | | Therefore the conductivity meter measures effectively the concentration of charged particles in a seawater sample (as well as temperature) and reports it in units of salinity. |
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http://www-ocean.tamu.edu/~dkobilka/salinity.html
(906 words)
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| | Salinity |
| | Salinity is a measure of how much salt is dissolved in water: the saltier the water, the greater its salinity. | | | Design your own experiment to test if water gets heavier as it gets saltier. | | | How do you think salinity affects the weight of water? |
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http://www.galaxy.net/~k12/water/salinity.shtml
(154 words)
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| | Maryland DNR - Chesapeake and Coastal Bays Water Quality Conditions |
| | The station marks the lower limit of the salinity transition zone, and is in the oligohaline zone (salinity 0.5 to 5 ppt). | | | The station has an approximate depth of 11 meters. | | | This station is a mid-channel site located in the upper Chesapeake Bay, southeast of Gunpowder Neck. |
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http://mddnr.chesapeakebay.net/bay_cond/bay_cond.cfm?Station=cb31&Param=sal
(180 words)
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| | Maryland DNR - Chesapeake and Coastal Bays Water Quality Conditions |
| | The station is located in the mesohaline zone (salinity 5 to 18 ppt) with an approximate depth of 26 meters. | | | Stations in this section of the Bay monitor water quality of the deep trough near the Choptank River. | | | This station is a mid-channel site located in the mid Chesapeake Bay, southwest of Tilghman Island. |
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http://mddnr.chesapeakebay.net/bay_cond/bay_cond.cfm?Station=cb42c&Param=sal
(211 words)
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