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| |
| | Systematics of the Lyginopterids |
 | | However, "gymnosperms" is also a paraphyletic group characterized by a plesiomorphy of all seed plants - the lack of an ovary. | | | It is likely that these groups form a grade, or paraphyletic group, at the base of the seed plants. | | | The lyginopterids in the broadest sense includes all the early seed plants, including the earliest known seed plant Elkinsia polymorpha. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/lyginos/lyginossy.html
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| |
| | Peter's Web Of Life -- Plants |
| | Liverworts(divergence of thallose liverworts from the rest of the land plant trunk ~450 MYA by Kenrick&Crane 1997 Nature, Goremykin 1997 Pl.Syst.Evol.) | | | Vascular Plants (origin ~420 MYA, Kenrick&Crane 1997 Nature) ("Pteridophytes" refers to lycopods+Psilotoids+Equisetoids+ferns, but is doubtless paraphyletic, so I am not using it; note that most relationships here are uncertain -- Lycopods, Ferns, Seed Plants are probably robust, but Equisetum and Psilotum are mobile and relationships between the major groups don't seem to be set...) | | | Mesostigma (sister to land plants in Bhattacharya's 1998 SMBE actin analysis) |
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http://sunflower.bio.indiana.edu/~pkuhlman/WOL/plants.html
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| |
| | Paraphyletic Classifications |
| | Consider the phylogeny of five species shown att left, with character states changes for two characters a and b. | | | Use of classifications that include paraphyletic groups requires arbitrary decisions about which taxa to include in what groups, based on qualitative assessments of the importance of different characters. |
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http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Paraphyletic_Classifications.htm
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| | A molecular phylogeny of the monogeneans inferred from 28S rDNA sequences |
| | Two main hypotheses of relationships within the parasitic Platyhelminthes, one in which the Monopisthocotylea is the sister-group to all other parasitic Platyhelminthes, and making the Monogenea paraphyletic, and one in which the Monogenea are monophyletic and sister-group of the Cestoda, are summarised in Fig. | | | Relationships at the species level for this topology are given in Fig. | | | For the analysis of the Monopisthocotylea and Polyopisthocotylea, respectively, two hypotheses were considered, Monogenea paraphyletic or monophyletic. |
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http://www.mnhn.fr/mnhn/bpph/Data/Mollaret2000/mollaret2000.html
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| | Kingsnake.com - Herpforum - RE: A few Questions.... |
| | Instead of invalidating Lampropeltis, Pituophis, Arizona, Bogertophis, Cemophora, Stilosoma and Rhinocheilus and transferring all the species within these genera back to Elaphe in order to eliminate paraphyly, they instead splintered Elaphe into a dozen or so genera (which are morphologically indistinguishable from one another) to eliminate paraphyly instead. | | | If it is paraphyletic, then the species in Cannia would need to be transferred back to Pseudechis, or else Pseudechis would need to be splintered into as many pieces as neccessary to eliminate paraphyly. | | | If Cannia is monophyletic or paraphyletic (meaning that all members share the same common ancestor even though not all descendants of the same ancestor are included) and if it is different enough from its ancestral genus, then it merits recognition as a distinct genus. |
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http://forums.kingsnake.com/view.php?id=633586,637028
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| | Directory of open access journals |
| | Our phylogeny is largely concordant with previous phylogenies at higher levels, and is more resolved at the species level. | | | which is not resolved, and may be paraphyletic. | | | Our results support the monophyly of the New World subgenera of Polistini, while the Old World subgenera are a paraphyletic group. |
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http://www.doaj.org/abstract?id=83835&toc=y
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| | Intro |
| | A low level of background extinction becomes a mass extinction! | | | The majority were paraphyletic taxa, in other words, families which did not include all descendants of their basal taxon. | | | A few insignificant species-level extinctions during a known extinction event could feed through to a pseudoextinction of a paraphyletic family, which would in turn acquire much greater significance when it is combined with other familial data. |
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http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Essays/databases/default.html
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| | Paraphyly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Others argue that paraphyletic groups are necessary to have a comprehensive classification including extinct groups, since each species, genus, and so forth necessarily originates from part of another. | | | The former is more common, but sometimes paraphyletic groups are also considered monophyletic, in which case the latter is used. | | | Some groups in currently accepted taxonomies may later turn out to be paraphyletic, in which case the classifications may be revised to eliminate them. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paraphyletic
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| | Tree of Life Glossary |
| | A mode of nutrition in which the consumer relies upon molecules created by other organisms for energy and nutrients. | | | A paraphyletic group consisting of those eukaryotes which are not animals, true fungi or green plants. | | | An interaction between organisms in which one organism (the parasite) lives in or on the living tissue of another organism (the host), deriving nutrients at the expense of the host. |
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http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/glossary.html
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| | Encyclopedia: Cladistics |
| | Paraphyletic taxa are necessary for classifying earlier sections of the tree â“ for instance, the early vertebrates that would someday evolve into the family Hominidae can not be placed in any other monophyletic family. | | | Many argue that they lead to "gradistic" thinking, where groups advance from "lowly" grades to "advanced" grades, which can in turn lead to the error of teleology. | | | Similarly, the traditional Invertebrates are paraphyletic because Vertebrates are excluded, although the latter evolved from an Invertebrate. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Cladistics
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| | Zoology 404, Chapter 14 notes |
| | Operationally, a paraphyletic group is defined by a suite of ancestral traits which have been modified or lost in the excluded species. | | | A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendents. | | | A monophyletic group consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendent species. |
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http://www.science.siu.edu/zoology/king/404/mr14.htm
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| | PhyloCode Article 10 |
| | Similarly, if a preexisting name has been applied to more than one clade, it should generally be established for the clade to which it has been most widely and consistently applied. | | | If there is no preexisting name for the clade (or for a paraphyletic group stemming from the same ancestor), a new name may be established. | | | Therefore, when establishing the name of a clade, a preexisting name that has been applied to that clade, or to a paraphyletic group stemming from the same ancestor, should generally be selected if such a name exists. |
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http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/art10.html
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| | Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, & Paraphyletc Taxa |
| | One type of monophyletic taxon is a paraphyletic taxon, which includes an ancestor and a group of organisms descended from it [as in (c)]. | | | Another unfortunate circumstance for the student is that the two schools use the same terms, but in different ways, and often refuse to recognize the alternative usage. | | | Phylogenetic taxonomists also claim to recognize only " |
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http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Taxon_types.htm
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| | Kingsnake.com - Herpforum - RE: An alternative way to delimit Pseudacris |
| | Paraphyletic taxa can be more morphologically homogeneous than holophyletic taxa. | | | Species which are classified by most systematists in the paraphyletic genus Elaphe are being subjectively and arbitrarily elevated into new genera by cladists who cannot tell us the difference between the genera they recognize. | | | If a group of species closely resemble each other and their common ancestor morphologically, then it is not wise to split it into many different genera, even if distinct lineages can be discerned (e.g. |
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http://forums.kingsnake.com/view.php?id=418015,425295
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| | Ungulatomorpha |
| | A large number of scientist have studied these animals over the years, but there is still no consensus about the relationships of main ungulate-groups. | | | Actually all early Tertiary ungulates were once placed in Condylartha (Carroll, 1988). | | | garimondi Sigé, 1992, in Pol et al., 1992 ?- †Valentinella vitrollense Tabuce, Vianey-Liaud and Garcia, 2004 `--+-- †Alostera saskatchewanensis Fox, 1989 [paraphyletic Zhelestidae Nesov, 1985] `--+--o †"Zhelestinae" |
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http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsida/Eutheria/Basal_Ungulata/ungulatomorpha.htm
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| |
| | Systematics of the Synapsida |
| | Current hypotheses about early synapsid diversification suggest that "pelycosaurs" are the basal-most synapsids, and are certainly paraphyletic. | | | This group includes familiar "sail-back" critters like Dimetrodon, but also includes a variety of lesser known early synapsids, such as the herbivorous Caseidae. | | | Synapsid classification has undergone tremendous change in recent years; most of the traditional groupings have been discovered to be paraphyletic. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/synapsids/synapsidasy.html
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| |
| | What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean? |
| | Groups may also be doubly paraphyletic, thrice paraphyletic, etc. | | | {A-B} can be used, in the absence of the prejuducial word ``Clade'' in the notation, to indicate the paraphyletic group formed by removing the clade B from the enclosing clade A. Mildly naughty, but pragmatic. | | | These terms are used to describe groupings of organisms, and indicate the extent to which they can be considered as ``natural groups''. |
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http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic
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| |
| | Kingsnake.com - Herpforum - RE: Paraphyletic taxa |
| | Nevertheless, Pantherophis is a genus that is proposed not because it is morphologically disparate from Elaphe, and not because it does not share a common ancestor with Elaphe, but because some systematists have the misguided belief that paraphyletic taxa are not acceptable. | | | Elaphe is paraphyletic because some of its descendant groups, e.g. | | | Pituophis, Lampropeltis, Arizona and Bogertophis, have not been included in the genus Elaphe by past systematists because of morphological disparity. |
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http://forums.kingsnake.com/view.php?id=528737,538085
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| | [No title] |
| | 5 Taxonomic groups that contain 8 organisms but not their 2 common ancestor are 6 called polyphyletic, and groups 1 that contain some but 0 not all descendants 8 of a given 2 form are called paraphyletic. | | | Since biologists 2 by and large prefer 6 groups to be 7 monophyletic, in this case 1 they would likely either 1 split the genus 2 or broaden it 6 to include the additional 3 forms. | | | In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (greek: of one stem) if all 8 organisms in that 1 group are known 3 to have developed from 1 a common ancestral form, 1 and all descendants of 5 that form are 1 included in the group. |
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http://www.prience.com/Monophyletic_.htm
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| |
| | TAXON (IAPT International Association for Plant Taxonomy) |
| | A phylogenetic tree can be subdivided according to a monophyletic hierarchical model, in which only monophyletic units figure, or according to a "Linnaean" hierarchical model in which both mono- and paraphyletic units occur. | | | Sosef, M. Hierarchical models, reticulate evolution and the inevitability of paraphyletic supraspecific taxa. | | | Most present-day phylogeneticists try to fit the monophyletic model within the set of nomenclatural conventions that fit the Linnaean model. |
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http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/ibc99/iapt/46_075.htm
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| |
| | Graphical explanation of phylogenetic terms |
| | Unlike a monophyletic group, a paraphyletic taxon does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor. | | | Paraphyletic taxon : A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss1/phyly.html
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| | Animal - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch |
| | These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates, but it now appears they are paraphyletic, some closer to the Nemertea and some to the Mollusca and Annelida. | | | The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a fan of cilia around the mouth, called a lophophore. | | | They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Ectoprocta or moss animals. |
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http://encyclopedia.worldsearch.com/animal.htm
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| |
| | Is it true that birds are "obviously" not dinosaurs? |
| | Their most frequently used paraphyletic group is a Dinosauria that does not include Aves, or birds. | | | Supporters of paraphyly usually cite morphological distance, or the extent of difference between certain anatomical features of ancestor and descendant, as the reason for their formation of certain paraphyletic groups. | | | What descendant species should be removed to form the paraphyletic group is not clear nor well understood, a reason why many scientists do not approve of the practice. |
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http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/archie/poll.htm
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| |
| | Glossary |
| | This is the meaning of a minority of systematic biologists, who favor a classification philosophy that permits or even encourages paraphyletic groups. | | | Relating to a group consisting of a single ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendents. | | | In N.T. textual criticism, the Neutral and Western text-types are paraphyletic because the Byzantine text-type is thought, at least by Westcott and Hort, to descend from them. |
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http://www.mindspring.com/~scarlson/tc/glossary.htm
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| | Evolution - A-Z - Polyphyletic group |
| | Organisms classified into the same polyphyletic group share phenetic homoplasies as opposed to homologies. | | | The key difference between paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups is that paraphyletic groups contain their common ancestor, whereas polyphyletic groups do not. |
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http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Polyphyletic_group.asp
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| |
| | Polyphyletic |
| | However, many other taxonomists would argue that there is a valid place for groups that are paraphyletic, i.e. | | | Groups that do so are called monophyletic, and according to cladistics it should be the aim of classification to ensure that all groups have this property. |
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http://www.serebella.com/encyclopedia/article-Polyphyletic.html
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| |
| | Spermatophyta |
| | Angiosperms are now thought to have evolved from a gymnosperm ancestor, which would make the gymnosperm taxon paraphyletic. | | | Many modern classification systems, including that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, recognize the monocots and eudicots as clades, and divide the palaeodicots into several monophyletic groups. | | | A more modern classification splits these groups into separate divisions (sometimes under the Superdivision Spermatophyta): |
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http://www.wikiverse.org/spermatophyta
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| | Evolution - A-Z - Paraphyletic group |
| | A paraphyletic group contains some, but not all, of the descendants from a common ancestor. | | | By contrast, a monophyletic group is a group which contains all the descendants of a common ancestor: the group has a common ancestor unique to itself. | | | Reptiles are a paraphyletic group: in terms of appearance a crocodile has more in common with lizards than birds and both crocodiles and lizards are classed as reptiles. |
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http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Paraphyletic_group.asp
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| |
| | Re: Paraphyletic Prosauropods |
| | That *Thecodontosaurus* is not a prosauropod (Prosauropoda being a paraphyletic assemblage within which only Plateosauria [Plateosauridae <- Sauropoda] seems to be monophyletic) with small groups of other "prosauropods" forming successive outgroups... | | | Mickey Mortimer (Mickey_Mortimer111@msn.com) wrote: | | | Sereno (1999) and Galton (2001) find Prosauropoda to be monophyletic, while Langer (2001) and Yates (2001) find it to be paraphyletic to sauropods.> Funny, Yates (2001) as i recall found prosauropods in and of themselves to be paraphyletic, and several other concepts of prosauropod monophyly questioned in in the last five years. |
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http://dml.cmnh.org/2002Aug/msg00024.html
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| | GfBS -Org. Divers. Evol. 2, Electr. Suppl. 5 (2002) |
| | Character homoplasy (implied weights) is taken into account to construct a polytomous, most-parsimonious tree in which two major clades within Pycnogonida are obtained. | | | Clade A includes Ammotheidae paraphyletic with Colossendeidae, Austrodecidae and Rhynchothoracidae, and clade B is formed by Nymphonidae, Callipallenidae (apparently paraphyletic), Pycnogonidae and Phoxichilidiidae. | | | The analysis of equally weighted data is presented and helps to identify those characters less consistent. |
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http://www.senckenberg.de/odes/02-05.htm
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| |
| | Re: seeking clarification on the cladism debate (RE: hidden "cladistic" ranks) |
| | It is not objectively arguable that one paraphyletic group is more valuable than another (at least, when they are of the same degree of paraphyly), or that a paraphyletic group is more valuable than a clade. | | | Thus, a subjective decision is being made to favor one group over another. | | | One can discuss non-neornithean _Theropoda_, non-coelurosaurian _Tetanurae_, non-ornithothoracean _Maniraptora_, or any other singly paraphyletic group with equal ease. |
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http://dml.cmnh.org/2001Oct/msg00425.html
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| | Palaeos Systematics: The Linnean System: Evolutionary Systematics |
| | For example the use of several very different criteria (phylogeny, divergence, adaptational level) to define particular taxa, as well as inconsistencies inherent in the paraphyletic approach (e.g. | | | This, together with the greater rigor and precision of the and practical and heuristic superiority of the Cladistic (Phylogenetic) approach has meant that over the past decades. | | | Also, unlike Cladistics, with it's reliance on a proposed Most Recent Common Ancestor that is never actually described or discovered (a missing link that is always missing), Evolutionary systematics gives illustrations of the actual evolution of one species or higher taxon into another. |
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http://www.palaeos.com/Systematics/Linnean/evolutionary.htm
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| |
| | Comparative Anatomy Topic 2 - Phylogenies and Fossils |
| | Paraphyletic group - a group not consisting of all descendants of their most recent common ancestor; in cladistics, this is an invalid grouping because it does not express evolutionary relationships | | | A + B could be considered either paraphyletic or polyphyletic although I personally would have went with paraphyletic. | | | Node - on a phylogenetic tree, a hypothetical ancestor, the place where two branches intersect |
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http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic2/topic2.html
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| |
| | BOT 125 - Cladograms |
| | If you hold the mouse cursor over the names of inclusive clades or paraphyletic groups, they will change to the associated color in the cladogram. | | | Each Phylum name and each name of an inclusive clade is a link to the survey of the botanical Phyla. |
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http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/cladogram/index.html
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| | SPECIES ACCOUNTS |
| | When considering the evolutionary relationships among all known species, the second criterion is seldom met since the relationships of many species are not precisely known. | | | If either criterion is not met, the group is considered a paraphyletic group. |
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http://www.speciesaccounts.org
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| | Chapter 19 Review |
| | Draw these two competing cladograms (you can ignore pleiadapids if you wish), and explain the implications of each view for explaining the presence of stereoscopic color vision in megabats and primates, but not in microbats. | | | Give three other examples of paraphyletic vertebrate groups that have been abandoned. | | | Some recent studies based on DNA sequence comparisons have favored "bat monophyly," with micro- and megabats as sister taxa, and with a primates+dermopterans clade more distantly related. |
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http://biology.fullerton.edu/life/hol/rq/rq19.html
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| |
| | Evolutionary taxonomy |
| | As evolutionary systematicists define terms, paraphyletic taxa are monophyletic too, just notholophyletic (which is monophyletic according to the cladistic definition). | | | It differs from strict cladism where all taxa in a classification always should include alldescendants of a single ancestral node. |
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http://www.therfcc.org/evolutionary-taxonomy-65407.html
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| | CVAhome |
| | The typical situation is that the taxa not included in the paraphyletic group have a different character state which is new (= synapomorphy) but their different state could occasionally be the result of reversal, convergence, etc. (= homoplasy). | | | They do not occur in nature, they are artificial phenomena due to problems with the classification. | | | Phyletic groups - this shows monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups and types of characters that define them. |
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http://www.ou.edu/class/zoo2204/CVAhome.html
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| |
| | CNAH |
| | Andreas Schmitz, Patrick Mausfeld, and Dirk Embert (2004 Hamadryad 28(1—2): 73-89) analyzed molecular data to demonstrate that the lizard genus Eumeces is paraphyletic, and propose a new generic name, Pariocela Fitzinger (1843) for all North American skinks previously referred to that genus. | | | However, their post-publication research with other colleagues has revealed a name older than Pariocela, and that name, Plestiodon Dumeril & Bibron 1839, will be offered as an alternative in a future paper (Andreas Schmitz, pers. | | | East Asian and New World Eumeces form a clade referred to as the Pariocela section. |
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http://www.naherpetology.org/comments.asp?id=511
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| |
| | Palaeos Systematics: Cladistics: Paraphyletic Taxa |
| | Paraphyletic taxa are recognized in Linnean and evolutionary systematics but not in cladistics. | | | Illustration: the Class Reptilia gave rise to mammals and birds, but neither mammals nor birds are included under Reptilia. |
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http://www.palaeos.com/Systematics/Cladistics/paraphyletic.htm
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| |
| | Chapter 13 - Major Adaptive Radiations |
| | – a paraphyletic taxon is a taxon that includes a common ancestor and only some of its descendants | | | – the text uses the paraphyletic taxon "cotylosaur" which was rejected decades ago (because it is paraphyletic) | | | – the text uses the paraphyletic taxon "pelycosaurs" to refer to all synapsids (including their common ancestor) except therapsids |
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http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol409/ch/ch13.html
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| |
| | Cladistics - Paleontology and Geology Glossary |
| | A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. | | | A polyphyletic group consists of organisms but not their common ancestors. | | | These are incomplete groups based primarily on physical characteristics rather than directly on evolutionary relationships. |
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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Cladistics.shtml
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| |
| | [No title] |
| | Enzymes without an EC number, and functions that are "paraphyletic" - that is cut across different EC numbers - are at the end of this section. | | | The children of the node %enzyme have been wholly revised, so as to follow much more closely the Enzyme Commission system, the EC hierarchy now acts as a scaffold for the children of this node. |
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http://www.geneontology.org/GO.what_is_new.txt
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| |
| | Herpetology: Phylogeny and Tetrapods |
| | A paraphyletic group has an ancestor and only some of its descendants. | | | A polyphyletic group excludes at least one ancestor of a lineage that is included. |
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http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/herpetology/tetrapods/tetrapods.html
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| |
| | Salientia |
| | The synapomorphies discussed below for Leiopelmatanura, Bombinanura, Discoglossanura, and Pipanura collectively indicate that "Archaeobatrachia" is paraphyletic. | | | Mesobatrachia as proposed by Laurent (1979) was a paraphyletic group. |
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http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/salientia/salientia.html
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| | Pharyngula::Circus of the Spineless |
| | We choose to ignore the paraphyletic status of the clade because they are just so danged pretty. | | | Taxa can be paraphyletic, however, so "the paraphyletic status of the taxon" is better as far as I know. | | | You can really see the lack of a spine down the back of this one: |
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http://pharyngula.org/index/weblog/longcomments/circus_of_the_spineless
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