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| | MIMICRY - LoveToKnow Article on MIMICRY |
 | | There is a common English Syrphid fly (Eristalis tenax) known as the drone-fly from its resemblance to a large hive or honey bee. | | | The same explanation no doubt applies to the mimicry, both in Borneo and South Africa, of hairy bees of the family Xylocopidae by Asilid flies of the genus Hyperechia, and also to other cases of mimicry of Hymenoptera as well as of inedible beetles of the family Lycidae by Diptera. | | | Trochilium apiforme, crabroniformepresent to bees and wasps is effected in the main by the loss of the scales from the wings, leaving these organs transparent. |
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http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MI/MIMICRY.htm
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| | mimicry on Encyclopedia.com |
| | Mimicry occurs in both plants and animals but is most prevalent among insects, particularly butterflies and moths. | | | The resemblance of colonial mimicry: a revisionary reading of Ngugi wa Thiong'o's the River Between. | | | The Batesian theory is based on the operation of natural selection : if, say, a harmless snake acquires a deceptive resemblance to a poisonous variety it is then more likely to escape its predators and thus to survive and propagate, producing offspring with the same appearance. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/m1/mimicry.asp
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| | Chemical Mimicry in Pollination |
| | Broodsite or Food Mimicry Some flowers mimic the odors of dung and/or carrion to attract insects (mostly beetles and flies) for pollination. | | | Plant Mimicry of Insect Pheromones Some form of mimicry is used by approximately 50% of orchid species to attract insects of specific taxa for pollination. | | | In these mimicry systems, the flower is sometimes pollinated when a parasite tries to sting what they think is their prey on the flower. |
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http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_1996/bernklau.html
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| | Mimicry [MT Dorak] |
| | The examples are the egg mimicry by cuckoos and praying mantis mimicking flowers and vegetation to attract insects (a wolf in sheep’s clothing). | | | Host mimicry by parasites, in which the host is both the model and receiver, is an extension of aggressive mimicry. | | | The mimicry by grasshoppers of poisonous tiger beetle is another example from the insect world. |
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http://dorakmt.tripod.com/evolution/mimicry.html
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| | EcoFactor - Mimicry and Insect Predation Avoidance |
| | A good example of Batesian mimicry is harmless beetles and flies resembling stinging bees and wasps. | | | This type of mimicry is the advantage gained by some members of a species from their resemblance to others of the same species. | | | There are parallel Mullerian mimicry rings in South Africa, Borneo, and the tropical Americas; each consists of such unrelated insects as longhorn beetles, butterflies, true bugs, and spider wasps. |
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http://www.ecofactor.com/article-11.html
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| | Mimicry: An Example Of Adaptation |
| | Since mimicry provides potential survival value, the mimic with an adaptation that increases the likelihood of surviving is selected. | | | The distinction among camouflage (cryptic coloration), warning coloration, and mimicry is not always clear. | | | Wickler, W. Mimicry in Plants and Animals, McGraw-Hill, New York. |
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http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/mimicry.html
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| | Mimicry - EvoWiki |
| | Host mimicry is an extension of aggressive mimicry but is specific to parasites, where the host is both the model and receiver. | | | A second type of protective coloration occurs in animals whose coloration or markings purposely contrast with their habitat in order to serve as a warning of the species' toxic qualities to predators or as a method of communication to members of its own species in the vicinity. | | | Protective coloration is "the coloration or color pattern of an animal that affords it protection from the observance of a predator or its prey". |
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http://wiki.cotch.net/index.php/Mimicry
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| | Evolution: Library: Mimicry: The Orchid and the Bee |
| | This photograph, from The Sex Life of Flowers by Meeuse and Morris, is an example of mimicry in which the orchid has evolved to resemble a female bee. | | | Evolution: Library: Mimicry: The Orchid and the Bee | | | For this reason, natural selection has favored flowers that happen to bloom in the period when male wasps are flying but females are not out yet. |
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_02.html
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| | Information Sheet 11, Mimicry in Nature |
| | The term mimicry is commonly applied to the resemblance of one insect (called the mimic) to another (called the model) so that a third insect or other observer is deceived into confusing the two. | | | For instance, there is a moth that mimics the leg movements and threat postures of a spider, and a spider that mimics both the appearance, movements and color of a stinging, distasteful ant. | | | Other insects also use mimicry to their advantage. |
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http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/ahb/inf11.html
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| | Mimicry versus Hybridity, by Alfred Russel Wallace |
| | Mimicry is most frequent between very distinct families or higher groups, and often between different orders of insects. | | | Andrew Murray should have advanced his theory of mimicry being due to hybridisation, without adducing one solitary fact to prove that hybridisation between distinct families of insects ever occurs, or that, if it do occur, the offspring are fertile inter se. | | | We may fairly consider that the "natural orders" of plants, as being the next well-marked groups above genera, are about equivalent to the families of insects, so that the analogy furnished by hybridisation among plants, on which alone Mr. |
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http://www.wku.edu/~charles.smith/wallace/S179.htm
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| | Homi Bhabha: The Location of Culture, Of mimicry and man |
| | Which is to say, that the discourse of mimicry is constructed around an ambivalence; in order to be effective, mimicry must continually produce its slippage, its excess, its difference. | | | What they all share is a discursive process by which the excess or slippage produced by the ambivalence of mimicry (almost the same, but not quite) does not merely 'rupture' the discourse, but becomes transformed into an uncertainty which fixes the colonial subject as a 'partial' presence. | | | The ambivalence of colonial authority repeatedly turns from mimicry - a difference that is almost nothing but not quite - to menace - a difference that is almost total but not quite. |
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http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/bhabha/mimicry.html
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| | Mimicry and Camouflage - Wikibooks |
| | The black and yellow striped bodies of social wasps, solitary digger wasps, and caterpillars of the cinnabar moths warn predators that the organism is inedible. | | | Another example of this type of mimicry can be seen with the Katydid who will mimic a leaf in both color and shape in an attempt to be hidden. | | | The wasp is the model species in this example as it possesses a sting which enables it to escape from predators. |
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mimicry_and_Camouflage
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| | Ants, beetles and spiders |
| | As for beetle mimicry, there may have been only a few beetles available as models, jumping spiders have had limited genetic potential for evolving resemblance to many beetles, or there may be some combination of these factors to account for the limited examples. | | | So far on this all we have is negative evidence; no beetle mimics have been collected eating the beetles they mimic. | | | Also, while one uncommon beetle mimic from the eastern United States has been collected with its model flea beetles, its much commoner relative in the west and south is almost never collected with flea beetles, so schooling (loosing yourself in the crowd) may be out. |
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http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artfeb00/drspider.html
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| | Insect mimicry |
| | Mimicry is a form of deception where one insect evolves a superficial resemblance to another resulting in a distinct advantage to the mimic, which usually enjoys protection or better access to food for either itself or its offspring. | | | In part their success can be attributed to various survival strategies such as camouflage, deceptive markings and colouration, and chemical defense but the most fascinating is mimicry. | | | Insects have survived to become the most abundant animals on earth despite being a constant source of food for various predators such as birds, reptiles, mammals and amphibians. |
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http://www.museums.org.za/bio/insects/insect_mimicry.htm
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| | Butterfly Mimicry |
| | This type of advantage has been describe by Fritz Muller whereby certain protected species sometimes seek to augment their protection by mimicking other protected species as in the case of this model......if indeed the Viceroy is distasteful to predators. | | | Butterflies use it as a protection mechanism in their larva stage and in the final adult stage. | | | Once a caterpillar enters this stage it will not have flight or fight at it's disposal......so by looking like a live or dead leaf or even a small branch, this can make it virtually undetectable. |
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http://home.cogeco.ca/~lunker/mimicry.htm
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| | Lesson 3.3, Other Insects that Resemble Bees |
| | Have the students examine examples of mimicry found in the plant Kingdom, such as orchid flowers that resemble female wasps. | | | The next day, present it with a bee fly. | | | Africanized Honey Bee Curriculum, developed by Betsy A. Leonard, H. Steven Dasher, and Karen L. Robb. |
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http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/ahb/lsn33.html
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| | Dr. Fritz Muller on Some Difficult Cases of Mimicry, by Alfred Russel Wallace |
| | Again, in some species the distastefulness may extend to all the stages of egg, larva, pupa, and perfect insect, while in others it may be confined to one or more of these stages; or special dangers may exist for one species which are absent in the case of another. | | | Examples of this close resemblance of species of different genera of protected groups have now become very numerous, and they often extend to three or more distinct genera, some species of which imitate each other in most parts of tropical America, each changing in a corresponding manner as we pass from one district to another. | | | When these two conditions are combined, as they often would be, we have everything necessary for the production of mimicry. |
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http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S353.htm
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| | Vasculogenic Mimicry and Tumor Angiogenesis -- Folberg et al. 156 (2): 361 -- American Journal of Pathology |
| | vasculogenic mimicry is a hallmark of the aggressive cell phenotype | | | A channel containing red blood cells is lined externally by spindle melanoma cells that stain positive for pan-cytokeratin. | | | In Vitro Observations: Aggressive Uveal Melanoma Cells Are Capable of Generating Patterned Vascular Channels in the Absence of Endothelial Cells through Vasculogenic Mimicry |
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http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/full/156/2/361
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| | NatureWorks - Viceroy Butterfly |
| | The viceroy and monarch were once thought to exhibit Batesian mimicry where a harmless species mimics a toxic species. | | | Studies conducted in the early 1990's suggest that the viceroy and the monarch are actually examples of Mullerian mimicry where two equally toxic species mimic each other to the benefit of each. | | | There are usually two or three generations of viceroys born each breeding season. |
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http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/viceroy.htm
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| | The Arts of Deception - MIMICRY AND CAMOUFLAGE in the Rainforest |
| | Self mimicry is a misleading term for animals that have one body part that mimics another to increase survival during an attack or helps predators appear innocuous. | | | This form of mimicry refers to two unpalatable species that are mimics of each other with conspicuous warning coloration (also known as aposematic coloration). | | | Batesian mimicry is also found in venomous coral snakes and the harmless milk and king snakes of the New World. |
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http://www.mongabay.com/0306.htm
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| | All Lives Transform-Adaptation Mimicry |
| | Walking-Stick insects have mastered the mimicry of twigs | | | Many orchids mimic the shapes of certain flying insect females, and at the same time mimic the lure of her mating scent, so the bewildered male arrives and "mates with the orchid flower that looks and smells just right, and in the process pollinates the flower. | | | This katydid has adapted to mimic a leaf in both color and shape. |
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http://www.morning-earth.org/Graphic-E/Transf-Mimic.html
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| | Mimicry and Camouflage |
| | Birds know not to attack a bee as they will be stung. | | | One example is this fly which looks like a bee. | | | Batesian mimicry involves a palatable, unprotected species (the mimic) that closely resembles an unpalatable or protected species (the model). |
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http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/Mimicry.htm
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| | Mimicry |
| | An example of this form of mimicry includes the mimcry of Wasps by other insects. | | | One species, the Cuckoo Wasp, takes advantage of this similarity and lays its eggs in the nests of other wasps, for them to bring up the young. | | | The Wasp is known as the model and the other species the mimics. |
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http://www.bombus.freeserve.co.uk/mimicry.htm
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| | The chemical basis for repulsion (from mimicry) -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Many plants and animals have evolved such resemblances in order to increase their own chances of survival. | | | Many such substances are also found in animals that feed upon such plants. | | | The occurrence of mimicry among plants and animals |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-11891?tocId=11891
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| | Insect Behavior Review Articles 1997 |
| | Evolution of mimicry with mate choice suggests that mimicry may diversify because there is an upper limit to the sexual confusion caused by many species within a mimicry ring, and female-limitation in Batesian mimicry has almost certainly evolved because of sexually selected constraints on male patterns (Turner, 1978). | | | Heliconius roost in shade and must fly to sunny areas to bask in the sun. | | | Batesian mimicry was used to explain mimicry between pairs of species, both of which were presumed unpalatable (Mallet and Gilbert, 1995). |
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http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_1997/wathen.html
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| | Mimicry, Ambivalence and Hybridity |
| | Nevertheless, some postcolonial critics argue that it is precisely this kind of mimicry that disrupts the colonial discourse by doubling it. | | | Bhabha analyses the slippages in colonial political discourse, and reveals that the janus-faced attitudes towards the colonized lead to the production of a mimicry that presents itself more in the form of a "menace " than "resemblance"; more in the form of a rupture than consolidation. | | | His analysis, which is largely based on the Lacanian conceptualization of mimicry as camouflage focuses on colonial ambivalence. |
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http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/1WEBPAGE.HTML
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| | Mimicry |
| | There is often a resemblance between two species when they assume similar unpalatable characteristics such as the ability to produce foul odors or a stinging sensation. | | | In many coral reefs, smaller poisonous animals develop a bright coloration and predators soon learn to steer clear of these colors to avoid getting a mouthful of venom. | | | A display of lures to entice prey within reach is a special kind of aggressive mimicry usually involves modified body parts. |
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http://www.clarku.edu/departments/biology/biol201/2002/CSantos/Mimicry.htm
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| | Mimicry |
| | In this type of mimicry two or more unpalatable species resemble each other. | | | As a caterpillar the Monarch Butterfly eats Milkweeds with produce a toxin. | | | In this type of mimicry the palatable species mimics an unpalatable model. |
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http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/ysesp/comeco6.htm
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| | EVOLUTION: ON MIMICRY |
| | Skelhorn and Rowe[2] demonstrate that Müllerian mimicry can provide highly effective protection from predation when the two species concerned have different defenses. | | | 2) Mimicry generally occurs in two forms, Batesian and Müllerian. | | | Batesian mimicry is essentially parasitic: a prey species evolves to look like a species that is unattractive to predators (because it is poisonous, for example), and in so doing degrades the effectiveness of the signals used by the inedible species to warn off predators. |
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http://scienceweek.com/2005/sa050225-1.htm
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| | Final: Mimicry (and camouflage) and its evolution |
| | and shape, chemical mimicry is used so they can enter the nests | | | chemical mimicry also allows ants into termites' nest | | | Mimicry in Plants and Animals by Wolfgang Wickler |
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http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/FieldCourses99/TropEcoCostaRicaArticles/Final.Mimicryandcamouflag.html
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| | Most Spectacular Batesian Mimicry |
| | While the males maintain a typical swallowtail appearance, the females occur in over thirty different mimetic forms that clearly resemble various species of two danaid genera. | | | The mimics don’t share the models nasty taste or painful sting, just its appearance and behavior. | | | Batesian mimicry involves a palatable, unprotected species (the mimic) that closely resembles an unpalatable or protected species (the model) (Devries 1987). |
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http://ufbir.ifas.ufl.edu/chap28.htm
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| | Monarchs, Viceroys and Queens |
| | The larvae of mimic species, conversely, were usually found to feed on benign, non-poisonous plants. | | | Depending on the species they may or may not sequester these plant chemicals, as the Monarch appears to. | | | Moreover, other research is undermining the underpinings of mimicry. |
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http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/NHR/monarch.html
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| | Mimicry |
| | There are good reasons that, in general, predatory species have larger brain to body size ratios than their prey do. | | | The most likely reason for their mimicry is that, many generations ago, there were some Viceroy ancestors among a varied population who looked kind of like Monarchs. | | | They were less likely to get eaten than the ones which didn't. |
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http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/Mimicry.htm
(725 words)
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| | Insect Mimicry |
| | Visual mimicry - mimic the color and shape of bees | | | Goal of aggressive mimicry is to enhance predation; not to avoid being eaten. | | | Aggressive mimics resemble the background or signals that it is something else to aid in capturing prey. |
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http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/topics/mimicry.htm
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| | Among Bowerbirds, Mimicry Wins Mates, Study Says |
| | If the mimicry impresses the female, mating proceeds apace. | | | After the male's raucous vocalizations, he makes a more intimate appeal, coming almost beak to beak with the female and softly mimicking five other Australian birds: the kookaburra, the Lewin's honeyeater, the sulfur-crested cockatoo, a Torresian crow and a yellow tailed black cockatoo. |
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http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/09/0922_030922_tvbowerbirds.html
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| | Neural Plasticity and the Issue of Mimicry Tasks in L2 Pronunciation Studies |
| | However, since the type of neural plasticity that accounts for superior L2 pronunciation in early childhood actually declines with age, it is unlikely that such plasticity is responsible for the outstanding mimicry skill exhibited by relatively few mature individuals. | | | The claims and implication(s) of L2 mimicry studies are then evaluated, and studies favoring young children are compared with those favoring older learners (Section 4). | | | Therefore, if skill in mimicry tasks does reflect neural plasticity, a serious revision of the plasticity concept itself is necessary. |
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http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/ej12/a1.html
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| | Ants Mimicry - Myrmecomorphy |
| | Ants are the most abundant group of insects and have powerful defense mechanisms such as acid taste, aggressive biting, painful sting, and group defense. | | | We will never guess they are the first instars of the Katydids until we saw their development. | | | Myrmecomorphy highlights an important aspect of mimicry - the behavior. |
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http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/AntsMimicry.htm
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| | Camouflage & Mimicry |
| | Animals that use mimicry use colors and markings to look like another animal. | | | Camouflage and mimicry are adaptations some animals use as protection from predators. | | | It might look like a leaf, a twig, or a rock. |
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http://www.thewildones.org/Animals/camo.html
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| | CNN.com - Nature - Mimicry is key for butterfly survival - January 18, 2001 |
| | While each species of butterfly has a different level of dependence on rain forest habitat, the destruction of one species could have a direct effect on the survival of other species. | | | Kapan is the first scientist to test that theory in the field. | | | "The loss of mimicry due to the loss of one of these butterflies could accelerate the demise of the remaining species." |
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http://www.cnn.com/2001/NATURE/01/18/butterfly.mimicry.enn
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| | Mimicry |
| | Mimicry for Survival: Female fireflies mimic for survival. | | | Mimicry: Learn about different types of mimicry and discover how some mimic are really mean! | | | To learn more about MIMICRY click on the animals below: |
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http://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/education/projects/webunits/adaptations/mimicry.html
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| | The Seattle Times: Arts & Entertainment: Morris' elegant mimicry fails to connect |
| | The starkness of the objects is their strength, so it's a shame that Morris so prominently inscribed the date of Sept. 11, 2001, on a number of the larger urns, giving them a jarring commercialism. | | | The Seattle Times: Arts & Entertainment: Morris' elegant mimicry fails to connect | | | Tuesday, July 19, 2005 - Page updated at 12:00 AM Exhibit Review |
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http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2002388840_morris19.html
(412 words)
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| | Evolution - A-Z - Mimicry |
| | Batesian mimicry in which one non-poisonous species mimics another poisonous species. | | | Mimicry is the case in which one species looks similar to another species. | | | Mullerian mimicry occurs when two poisonous species evolve to look like each other. |
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http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Mimicry.asp
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| | The D. Pfennig Lab - Mimicry |
| | According to the Batesian mimicry hypothesis, a palatable species may evolve to resemble or mimic a dangerous species (the “model”) because both receive protection from predation. | | | Although a major goal of my research is to study the selective factors that cause species to look different, I am also interested in the selective agents that cause species to look similar. | | | We also are evaluating if mimicry promotes speciation between populations in sympatry versus in allopatry with the dangerous model. |
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http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/Pfennig/Mimicry.htm
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| | The Sea Slug Forum - Mimicry |
| | We call this mimicry, and usually one animal is considered to be the model and the other to me the mimic. | | | Other nudibranchs, flatworms, and even a holothurian are known to mimic phyllidiid nudibranchs. | | | There are spiders which look like ants, flies that look like wasps, harmless butterflies which look like poisonous butterflies, and many more. |
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http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=mimicry
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| | NetLogo Models Library: Mimicry |
| | Batesian mimicry occurs in enough other situations [snakes, for example] that the explanation's general truth is unquestionable. | | | "Batesian mimicry" is the term used to describe an evolutionary relationship in which a harmless species [the mimic] has evolved so that it looks very similar to a completely different species that isn't harmless [the model]. | | | A classic example of Batesian mimicry is the similar appearance of monarch butterflies and viceroy moths. |
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http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Mimicry
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| | The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science: mimicry@ HighBeam Research |
| | Imitation of one species (or group of species) by another. | | | The most common form is Batesian mimicry (named after English naturalist H W Bates), where the mimic resembles a model that is poisonous or unpleasant to eat, and has aposematic, or warning, coloration; the mimic thus benefits from the fact that predators have learned to avoid the model. | | | The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science: mimicry@ HighBeam Research |
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http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28918970&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf
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