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| | EMS - Glyphosate Environmental Effects |
 | | Glyphosate is toxic to some beneficial organisms such as parasitic wasps and other arthropod predators, and soil arthropods that are important for aeration and in the formation of humus; and some aquatic insects. | | | Glyphosate leads farmers to step up the use of insecticides and fungicides, because of its toxicity to organisms beneficial to the soil and to beneficial predator arthropods, and its capacity to increase the susceptibility of crops to diseases. | | | Glyphosate residues have been found in lettuce, carrots, and barley planted one year after the glyphosate was applied. |
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http://www.ems.org/cocaine/glyphosate_effects.html
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| | glyphosate |
| | Glyphosate is the active ingredient of some of the most common herbicides used in farming and gardening. | | | Glyphosate based herbicides have been shown to cause a significant decline of beneficial insect species in farms. | | | The seedlings absorbed the glyphosate from the soil residues. |
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http://www.geocities.com/opaq2001/glyphosate.htm
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| | Glyphosate Sheet |
| | Glyphosate and its metabolites are considered as residues of concern in plants. | | | This indicated that breakdown of glyphosate in soils with a high sand content is slow. | | | The formation of N-nitrosoglyphosate was not observed in soils treated with lower levels, nitrite nitrogen (2ppm) and glyphosate (5ppm). |
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http://www.portaec.net/library/pollution/pesticide/glyphosate_sheet.html
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| | the Glyphosate threat 1 |
| | 69 Roslycky E.B. Glyphosate and the response of the soil microbiota. | | | 79 Hance R.J. Adsorption of glyphosate by soils. | | | Extraction of glyphosate herbicide from soil and clay minerals and determination of residues in soils. |
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http://www.rag.org.au/modifiedfoods/roundup1.htm
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| | EXTOXNET PIP - GLYPHOSATE |
| | Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, nonselective systemic herbicide used for control of annual and perennial plants including grasses, sedges, broad-leaved weeds, and woody plants. | | | Fate in humans and animals: Glyphosate is poorly absorbed from the digestive tract and is largely excreted unchanged by mammals. | | | Breakdown in soil and groundwater: Glyphosate is moderately persistent in soil, with an estimated average half-life of 47 days [58,11]. |
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http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/glyphosa.htm
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| | Glyphosate fact sheet |
| | In UK arable agriculture, glyphosate was the 12th most extensively used pesticide active ingredient; the 5th most extensively used herbicide by weight with 251 tonnes being used; and 38th most widely applied herbicide, being applied over 334,529 ha annually in 1994(4). | | | Crops with genetically engineered resistance to glyphosate are being developed so that weeds can be controlled in fields where the crops are growing without harming the crop plants themselves. | | | Because of its adsorption to soil, glyphosate is not easily leached and is unlikely to contaminate ground water. |
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http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/actives/glyphosa.htm
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| | Glyphosate Factsheet (part 1 of 2) Caroline Cox / Journal of Pesticide Reform v.108, n.3 Fall98 rev.Oct00 |
| | Glyphosate is the seventh most commonly used pesticide in U.S. agriculture, the third most commonly used pesticide on industrial and commercial land, and the second most commonly used home and garden pesticide. | | | Glyphosate use is currently (1998) growing at a rate of about 20 percent annually, primarily because of the recent introduction of crops which are genetically engineered to be tolerant of the herbicide. | | | Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used to kill unwanted plants both in agriculture and in nonagricultural landscapes. |
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http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Roundup-Glyphosate-Factsheet-Cox.htm
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| | UK GM Science Review |
| | In this situation, the primary impact of the glyphosate resistance is the added cost of the additional herbicide, otherwise the farmer could use the identical weed management program used prior to the development of the resistant velvetleaf population. | | | The identification of glyphosate resistant horseweed is the first case of a weed developing resistance in Roundup Ready soybeans. | | | Higher rates of glyphosate are currently being used than when RR soybeans were first introduced, and the percentage of RR soybean fields treated with a pre-emergence herbicide has increased dramatically. |
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http://www.gmsciencedebate.org.uk/topics/forum/0051.htm
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| | Glyphosate |
| | Glyphosate is used to control grasses, sedges, broadleaf weeds and woody plants. | | | Glyphosate can be persistent for more than three years in soils, depending on soil type and climate, and has been found in surface and groundwaters. | | | Minimal breakdown of glyphosate occurs in plant tissue and pre-harvest use can result in significant levels of residues; in grains they are not destroyed by milling and much of it remains in the bran. |
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http://www.poptel.org.uk/panap/pest/pe-gly.htm
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| | ISU Weed Science Online - Waterhemp and Glyphosate |
| | This research confirms that the ability of the waterhemp from 'problem fields' to survive glyphosate is due to genetic differences among the populations since all plants were grown under identical conditions and treated at the same growth stage. | | | The objectives of the research are to determine the level of tolerance/resistance to glyphosate and identify the mechanisms that allow these populations to survive glyphosate. | | | While the waterhemp populations being studied have a higher level of tolerance to glyphosate than normally seen in waterhemp, the farmers managing these problem fields are still relying on glyphosate to manage the waterhemp. |
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http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2001/glyphosatewaterhemp.htm
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| | Spectrum Laboratories : Chemical Fact Sheet - Cas # 1071836 |
| | However, glyphosate was only used on crops on 28 farms in 1986 and 1987. | | | In a field study, glyphosate was sprayed on sediment in an irrigation channel in | | | Glyphosate residues dissipated with a half-life of 45-60 days. |
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http://www.speclab.com/compound/c1071836.htm
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| | Does Dew Affect Glyphosate? - Chris Boerboom |
| | The high dew level reduced glyphosate’s control of oat when glyphosate was sprayed in the high spray volume. | | | If glyphosate is sprayed onto leaves with dew, this would act to dilute the glyphosate similar to spraying at higher spray volumes. | | | Effect of spray volume and dew on glyphosate’s control of oats. |
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http://ipcm.wisc.edu/uw_weeds/extension/articles/glyphosatedew.htm
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| | June 2004 - Glyphosate factsheet |
| | Glyphosate is used to kill unwanted plants (weeds) in crop fields, amenity areas and home gardens, and on a global scale it has become the most widely used pesticide(1). | | | Glyphosate, sold most widely under the trade name Roundup, is applied as a herbicide both after the crop has germinated (post-emergent use) and before seeding (pre-emergent use in low-tillage cultivation). | | | Degradation of glyphosate in soil was found to be slow(51). |
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http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Actives/glyphosate2.htm
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| | Constraints on the Evolution of Glyphosate Resistance in Weeds |
| | Second, the use pattern for glyphosate in agriculture may preclude the evolution of resistance in weed populations. | | | In summary, genetic and biochemical constraints associated with potential mechanisms of resistance, as well as the use pattern for glyphosate in agriculture, preclude the evolution of glyphosate resistance in weed populations. | | | In addition to constraints on the evolution of a resistance mechanism, two features of the use pattern for glyphosate in agriculture impede resistance evolution in weed populations. |
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http://www.msstate.edu/Entomology/v7n2/art16.html
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| | Glyphosate (Oz; Torsten Brinch) |
| | Note that on food crops spraying glyphosate is confined to timings where the food part (eg grain, seed) is past maximum dry matter weight and is not absorbing anything from the parent plant. | | | Glyphosate has simply a very low toxicity, and the practical level encountered in food is very far below the level considered safe. | | | A criteria for approval of a chemical use is (amongst many other things) that both the chemical, and it's degradation products have reduced to the approved level (which is vastly lower than the safe level) in the food part of the crop by harvest with a safety margin on top. |
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http://yarchive.net/env/glyphosate.html
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| | US data reveals UK GM trials unscientific |
| | For a single application of glyphosate, average corn yield at the 5, 10, and 15 cm timings was 91, 96, and 94 percent of the weed-free control, respectively. | | | Glufosinate and glyphosate are now being used for weed control in corn. | | | Most effective and consistent annual grass control occurred when glyphosate was applied to grasses at least 15 cm in height. |
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http://www.btinternet.com/~nlpwessex/Documents/gmtrialsscience.htm
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| | Glyphosate-Resistant Waterhemp Moves into the Corn Belt |
| | Researchers say the culprit in glyphosate resistance and weed shifts is continuous use of glyphosate in Roundup Ready cropping systems. | | | If glyphosate fails, the only alternatives will be older herbicides already on the market, different management tactics, and mechanical control strategies. | | | Individual selected plants survived an average of 2.6 times the labeled rate of glyphosate, with some plants able to shrug off even higher rates. |
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http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/news/waterhemp
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| | EPA: Federal Register: Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerance |
| | Tolerances have been established (40 CFR 180.364) for the residues of glyphosate, in or on a variety of raw agricultural commodities. | | | The term ``residential exposure'' is used in this document to refer to non-occupational, non-dietary exposure (e.g., for lawn and garden pest control, indoor pest control, termiticides, and flea and tick control on pets). | | | The Agency uses the Generic Estimated Environmental Concentration (GENEEC) or the Pesticide Root Zone Model/Exposure Analysis Modeling System (PRZM/EXAMS) to estimate pesticide concentrations in surface water and Screening Concentration and Ground Water (SCI-GROW) model, which predicts pesticide concentrations in ground water. |
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http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2004/November/Day-10/p25098.htm
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| | ISU Weed Science Online - Factors influencing glyphosate drift |
| | December 12, 1997 – Herbicide drift is a recurring problem in agriculture, and the growing use of postemergence herbicides increases the potential for off-target injury. | | | With Roundup, 29% of the spray volume was in droplets less than 191 microns compared to 43% with Roundup Ultra. | | | As one would expect, increasing spray pressure resulted in a greater volume of small drops. |
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http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/qtr97-4/glyphosatedroplets.htm
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| | Glyphosate resistance dominates weed science meetings |
| | They recommend rotating Roundup Ready crops with conventional crops, and using full rates of glyphosate to minimize tolerant weed escapes. | | | In corn or soybean-based rotations, they recommend no more than two applications of glyphosate in a field ov er any two-year period. | | | Although marestail is the first row-crop weed to develop glyphosate-resistance in the US, there are several other species being watched. |
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http://www.biotech-info.net/dominating.html
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| | Maxygen subsidiary Verdia announces discovery and improvement of glyphosate tolerance gene |
| | Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used herbicides on many food and non-food crops. | | | This improvement in enzyme activity may provide an alternative strategy for supporting glyphosate use on major crops such as corn, soybean and cotton. | | | In 2002, the annual worldwide sales of glyphosate totaled $3.4 billion and global sales of herbicide-tolerant seed and traits was $2.2 billion according to Cropnosis Limited. |
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http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-05/mi-msv052004.php
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| | Glyphosate - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information |
| | Tolerances (MRLs) and Tolerance Exemptions for Residues of Glyphosate in Food, US CFR 40 Section 180 | | | Health and other hazards, protective equipment, and handling of Glyphosate (English), NJ RTK Factsheets | | | 1986 Toxicity Assessment of Glyphosate Residues in Food, INCHEM JMPR |
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http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33138
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| | Monsanto's Toxic Roundup |
| | According to a 1993 report published by the School of Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley, glyphosate was the third most commonly-reported cause of pesticide illness among agricultural workers. | | | According the 1986 federal Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), laboratory and greenhouse studies performed mostly by the manufacturer (The Monsanto Company) indicated that glyphosate was only a moderately toxic herbicide that posed little danger to the environment. | | | Another study from the School of Public Health found that glyphosate was the most commonly reported cause of pesticide illness among landscape maintenance workers. |
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http://www.holisticmed.com/ge/roundup.html
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| | Amazon.co.uk: Books: Glyphosate: A Unique Global Herbicide (ACS Monograph) |
| | The discussion covers glyphosate's unique environmental properties, broad range of application, soil inactivity, soil and plant metabolism, low toxicity, and uptake and transport in plants. | | | If you already own this, rate it and improve your recommendations , | | | It also covers the syntheses of hundreds of analogs and derivatives and clarifies glyphosate's molecular mode of action and its effect on the target enzyme EPSP synthase. |
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http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841234582
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| | Acrylamide In Cooked Foods: The Glyphosate Connection |
| | Cooking vegetables that had been exposed to the glyphosate herbicide used with herbicide-tolerant crops, or used during soil preparation for normal crops would result in the releasing more acrylamide. | | | Experiments showed that heat and light contribute to the release of acrylamide from polyacrylamide, and glyphosate was found to influence the solubility of polyacrylamide, so care was advised in mixing the two. | | | Recent health alert over toxic acrylamide in cooked foods is linked to glyphosate, Prof. |
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http://www.i-sis.org.uk/acrylamide.php
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| | Memorandum: Complaints of Birth Defects in Pasto |
| | He explained that he was following a few cases of birth defects and he had no idea what had caused them. | | | He said he wondered if it could be glyphosate and he was hoping to get a grant to study the issue further. | | | We discussed the available scientific literature, which he promised to review. |
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http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/rpt/aeicc/27395.htm
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