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| | Brake Fern |
 | | In lab tests, arsenic levels in ferns rose by a factor of 126 in as little as two weeks when they were transplanted into contaminated soil. | | | Pteris vittata, or brake fern, could potentially be used to clean up the poison, which is both naturally occurring in soil and unnaturally present in farm chemicals, wood preservatives, and other products. | | | In greenhouse tests using soil artificially infused with arsenic, arsenic concentrations in the fern’s fronds have reached 22,630 parts per million -- 2.3% of the plant was composed of arsenic. |
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http://www.malibuwater.com/BrakeFern.html
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| | Species: Pteridium aquilinum |
| | Cattle feeding on lush grass may eat western bracken fern for roughage or if it is mixed in hay [33,62]. | | | Despite western bracken fern's production of bitter-tasting compounds, chemicals that interfere with insect growth, and toxic chemicals, western bracken fern hosts a relatively large number and variety of herbivorous insects [141,142]. | | | Bracken fern is grown commercially for use as a food and herbal remedy in Canada, the United States, Siberia, China, Japan, and Brazil [70] and is often listed as an edible wild plant [107,120]. |
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http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/fern/pteaqu/all.html
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| | brake: Definition, Synonyms and Much More From Answers.com |
| | The essential components of a friction brake are a rotating part, such as a wheel, axle, disk, or brake drum, and a stationary part that is pressed against the rotating part to slow or stop it. | | | The stationary part usually has a lining, called a brake lining, that can generate a great amount of friction yet give long wear; it formerly contained asbestos, but this is being replaced by less efficient materials for environmental reasons. | | | A disk brake of the type used on automobiles has a metal disk and pistons with friction pads that can close on the disk and slow it. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/brake
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| | brake - definition by dict.die.net |
| | A frame for confining a refractory horse while the smith is shoeing him; also, an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, etc. A horse. | | | An instrument or machine to break or bruise the woody part of flax or hemp so that it may be separated from the fiber. | | | brake an instrument for breaking flax, G. breche, fr. |
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http://dict.die.net/brake
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| | [No title] |
| | The remarkable plant, called brake fern, is native to Africa, Asia and Australia, and is now widely naturalised in warm parts of the Americas. | | | Lab tests showed that within two weeks, the levels of arsenic in ferns rose by a factor of 126 when they were transplanted to contaminated soil. | | | But those growing in contaminated soil were found to have an astonishing fondness for the poison, flourishing as they extracted it from the soil. |
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http://www.eng-consult.com/arsenic/as190.txt
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| | The Fern Lover's Companion |
| | This small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and ebony spleenworts, but rather more like the latter from which it differs in being smaller and thicker, and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of the same size. | | | The young ferns should be transplanted in early spring with as much of the long, running rootstock as possible. | | | Instead of seeds the fern produces spores, which are little one-celled bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds. |
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http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/1/3/6/11365/11365-h/11365-h.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Also, it can be observed that as the arsenic levels in the soil samples decrease from the high arsenic level sites to the medium arsenic level sites, the arsenic levels in the plant samples first increase and then become so low that they are negligible. | | | Possibly some of the ferns in Sweet Home, Oregon have also adapted to the arsenic in the level, like some plants have adapted to high levels of metal around them. | | | To collect the soil samples the trowel was used to dig fifteen centimeters below the surface of the soil, and large scoops of soil was then collected and placed in a plastic bag. |
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http://us.share.geocities.com/sweeth0me/physicsbiorememdiationfinalpaper.doc
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| | Onoclea sensibilis, Sensitive Fern, Bead Fern, Meadow Brake, Onoclee Sensible |
| | Sensitive fern is easily killed with the first frost, leaving behind the stiff, beaded fertile stalks. | | | Winter survival improves if dried fronds are left on plant over winter. | | | Root System of creeping rhizomes 4mm-7mm thick, growing near the soil surface; stout, brown, smooth, and extensively branched and spreading. |
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http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/ferns/onoclea.html
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| | Environment: A Fern With A Taste For Toxic Waste - Brief Article |
| | For example, a plant growing on the UF campus in soil with 0.47 ppm of arsenic contained 136 ppm of arsenic. | | | Evidence suggests that the plant may even fare better in soils with arsenic. | | | A Fern With A Taste For Toxic Waste - Brief Article |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1076/is_4_43/ai_75214108
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| | Cliff Brake Fern: A Native Texas Fern with Landscaping Potential |
| | Cliff break fern can be effectively used in the landscape as a specimen plant, both potted or in the soil, and as part of a border, either by itself or in a mixed border. | | | ovata as a landscape plant will require determination of the limits of the fern's cold (freeze) tolerance, the extent of both drought and water-logging tolerance, information on the effect of different levels of shade on Cliff Break Fern's growth and survivability, and knowledge of the long-term adaptability of this new plant to the home landscape. | | | Cliff Brake Fern [Pellaea ovata (Desv.) Weath.] is a native Texas fern that is found in nature on dry ledges and slopes of limestone outcroppings, calcareous rocks, or granite. |
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http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-612.html
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| | Ferns: Of Fern Forest and South Florida |
| | Ferns and allied plants: with special reference to Tropical America. | | | This book is available from larger bookstores and covers every species of fern found in North America north of Mexico, nearly all with color photographs. | | | Ferns of the southeastern States: descriptions of the fern-plants growing naturally in the States south of the Virginia-Kentucky state line and east of the Mississippi River. |
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http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~scofield/sofl_plants/fern_index.html
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| | Ferns Nursery at Ty Ty GA: Ferns |
| | Some ferns are cold sensitive and should be grown inside greenhouses as a pot plant or hanging baskets. | | | This large group of perennial plants has delicate, interesting foliage, and they do not flower but produce spores on the underside of the leaves instead of seed. | | | Most ferns prefer shade and must be given plenty of moisture for maximum growth. |
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http://tytyga.com/perennials/ferns
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| | Fiddleheads |
| | New Zealand has almost 200 native ferns, and the Pteridium aquilinum was an important plant food source for the Maori before the introduction of sweet potatoes and maize by white settlers. | | | Therefore, such plants should not be tasted at random. | | | However, fern leaves, and hay contaminated with the fern, are known to be poisonous to livestock when eaten in large quantities. |
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http://www.innvista.com/health/foods/vegetables/fiddle.htm
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| | Publications |
| | Effects of As hyperaccumulation on nutrient content and distribution in fronds of the hyperaccumulator Chinese brake | | | Effects of arsenate and phosphate on their accumulation by an arsenic-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. Plant Soil. | | | Effects of phosphate rock on plant arsenic uptake in a multi-metal system. |
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http://lqma.ifas.ufl.edu/PUBLICATION-subject.html
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| | Harding's Ginseng and other medicinal plants, 1936: Male Fern. |
| | The male shield-fern is perhaps a trifle stouter, the leaves growing about 3 feet in length and having a bright-green color, whereas the marginal-fruited shield-fern has lighter green leaves, about 21 feet in length, and is of more slender appearance. | | | OTHER COMMON NAMES: (1) Male shield-fern, sweet brake, knotty brake, basket-fern, bear's-paw root; (2) marginal-fruited shield-fern, evergreen wood-fern. | | | As taken from the ground the rootstock is from 6 to 12 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches thick, covered with closely overlapping, brown, slightly curved stipe bases or leaf bases and soft, brown, chaffy scales. |
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http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/harding/aspidium.html
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| | News in Science - A fern that loves toxic waste - 01/02/2001 |
| | A common fern which grows all over the world has been found to be a super-accumulator of arsenic contaminated toxic waste, and may be of use in the bioremediation of contaminated areas. | | | One of the leading researchers, Dr Mike McLaughlin from CSIRO Land and Water said plants which take up toxic chemicals cope by storing the contaminants in vacuoles (vesicles within the cell), trichomes (bumps on the leaves) and in cells on the leaf surface. | | | Brake fern is one of very few plants which are able to accumulate arsenic and is the highest bio-accumulator so far known. |
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http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s240125.htm
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| | Spatial Distribution of Arsenic Species in Brake Fern (Pteris vittata L.) Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy |
| | The levels of arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metalloid in earth's crust, have increased substantially in the environment due to anthropogenic activities. | | | University of Florida, Soil and Water Sciences Department, 2169 McCarty Hall, P.O. Box 110290, Gainesville, FL 32611. | | | For EXAFS study, cryosections of fronds from fern plants treated with 100 ppm As were used to determine speciation of As in the epidermal cells, mesophyll tissues, and xylem strands. |
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http://abstracts.aspb.org/pb2002/public/P64/0338.html
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| | Pteris cretica |
| | • ensiflormis (en-si-four' miss)--Sword Brake, narrow, triangular, 2-pinnate dark green fronds, often with grayish white midribs; fertile fronds 12-18" long, 4 to 5 pairs of linear pinnae each with a few toothed basal segments; sterile fronds are shorter, with narrower untoothed pinnae; | | | • tricolor (tri' co-lor)--Painted Brake, fertile fronds with 2-5 pairs of oblong pinnae, reddish when young | | | • umbrosa (um-bro' sah)--Jungle Brake, 2 pinnate with 3-7 pairs of narrow, lance-shaped lobes, similar to cretica |
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http://pss.uvm.edu/pss123/fernpter.html
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| | New Scientist Breaking News - Eating arsenic |
| | A chance find behind a chemical treatment works in Florida is offering the chance to literally suck one the world's most notorious and widespread poisons from soils. | | | The brake fern (Pteris vittata) is the first plant known to detoxify soils poisoned by arsenic. | | | The brake fern is itself toxic to humans and animals. |
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http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn375
(374 words)
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| | Leather Woodfern |
| | They differ little in their general appearance, although the male shield fern, which grows to a height of about 3 feet, is somewhat larger than the other. | | | These ferns have stout, erect rootstocks from 6 to l2 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches thick, covered with brown, closely overlapping leaf bases and soft, brown, chaffy scales. | | | —These ferns are found in rocky woods, the male shield fern inhabiting the region from Canada westward to the Rocky Mountains and Arizona. |
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http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/herbhunters/woodfern.html
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| | GS CONNECTION 12(1): Arsenic/Cancer; Brake Fern Phytoremediation; New Series of One-Day Seminars |
| | But the researchers found that brake ferns growing wild on a contaminated waste site in central Florida increased their toxic appetites even further, with fronds hyper-accumulating arsenic at average levels over 100-fold higher than in normal soil - at no harm to the plant! | | | Even when grown in normal soil, the brake fern (Pteris vittata) sucks up arsenic at a rate 17 times greater than that of other plants. | | | Once the ferns scour the soil, their arsenic-rich fronds could be transported to a special waste facility for disposal. |
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http://www.gsdl.com/home/news/connections/vol12/conn20010314.html
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| | Description, Bracken Fern -- Vet Med Library, UIUC |
| | Spores are borne in late summer at the edges on the lower sides of mature fronds, and the edges fold under to form the spore cover. | | | Its large triangular fronds are divided into three main parts with each part bipinnately subdivided. | | | Description, Bracken Fern -- Vet Med Library, UIUC |
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http://www.library.uiuc.edu/vex/toxic/bracken/bracken0.htm
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| | Brake (fern) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article |
| | Some of these ferns are popular in cultivation as houseplants. | | | Brakes are (Any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores) ferns of the ((biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species) genus Pteris. | | | If they are related, then brake is a diminution of bracken. |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/b/br/brake_(fern).htm
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| | Imprint Online: Science - Microfiles |
| | Moreover, the fern stores the arsenic in its large fronds, which are easy to harvest. | | | Scientists hope that the brake fern’s genes responsible for allowing the plant to safely absorb arsenic can be successfully spliced into other plants. | | | Furthermore, unlike most ferns, the brake fern likes sunlight; this increases the territory where this fern could be planted to clean up toxins. |
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http://imprint.uwaterloo.ca/issues/020901/3Science/science02.shtml
(663 words)
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| | HEG Varieties and Care |
| | Table ferns are handsome easy-to-grow plants bearing fronds generally 6 to 12 inches long. | | | The trembling brake fern, with finely divided light green fronds 3 feet long and 2 feet wide, makes a fine plant to set on the floor, but when only a foot tall is superb as a centerpiece. | | | Table ferns do best in the shadowless light of a north window; if only artificial light is available, provide at least 150 foot-candles. |
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http://www.exoticangel.com/Varieties/Ferns/Pteris.htm
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| | Jenkins Publishing Message Board |
| | That aside, the next best thing you could do would be: (1) grow the brake fern (2) harvest the brake fern (3) sell it to companies that want to extract arsenic for commercial use. | | | The Brake Fern apparently concentrates arsenic in its leaves 200 times over that of the soil it is grown in. | | | Studies in the University of Fla. have found that the Brake Fern (pteris vittata)consumes super high levels of arsenic. |
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http://www.jenkinspublishing.com/messages/messages/3/23.html?1044221299
(616 words)
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| | Fern Prints and Fern Note Cards |
| | The following ferns, restored from a four-volume set "Native Flowers and Ferns of North America" published around 1880, are new to our collection. | | | They are consistent in style and coloring and make an ideal wall grouping as a matched set. | | | "The Ferns of North America" by Daniel Cady Eaton 1893. |
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http://www.chartingnature.com/Ferns.cfm
(238 words)
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| | Brake Ferns |
| | A small to medium variegated (white and green) fern with creeping rhizomes to create an open clump in medium light and good garden soil. | | | Popular variegated cream and green table fern that is used in dish gardens, European gardens or as a table fern in 3"-4"-6" pots. | | | Popular in dish gardens, European dish gardens or as a table fern. |
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http://www.casaflora.com/pteris_sp.htm
(59 words)
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| | Chinese Brake Fern, Pteris vittata |
| | Spores form lines along the edges of each pinna. | | | In Swamp Fern, the spores form lines along the midrib of each pinna. | | | The pinnae are lightly serrated along the edge. |
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http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~scofield/sofl_plants/fern_pteris_vittata.html
(77 words)
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| | Plants Belonging to the Genus 'Pteris' |
| | Pteris ensiformis (Slender Brake Fern, Slender Brake Fern) | | | Pteris quadriaurita synonym of Pteris plumula (Silver Fern) |
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http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Pteridaceae/Pteris.html
(29 words)
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